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I

GIFT or

1

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NAVY DEPARTMENT

OFFICE OF NAVAL RECORDS AND LIBRARY
HISTORICAL SECTION

Publication Number ),

GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON
THE ATLANTIC COAST OF THE
UNITED STATES AND CANADA

I^ubliihed uodec ihe direction of

Tk. Hon. JOSEPHUS DANIELS, Secretary o( ihe Navy

Qi/-4.~.i

^uuCThf Cc^-^o

/^

M

». • • • • ♦

Ah

d

GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON THE ATLANTIC COAST

OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

PUBLICATION NO. 1, HISTORICAL SECTION, NAVY DEPARTMENT.

ERRATA.

Page 23, line 10, strike out " Kapitan Van Nostitiz und Jancken-
dorf " and insert KorvettenJca'pitdn {Lieutenant Commander)
von Nostitz und Jaenckendorf.

Page 24, after line 15, insert Note: The British steamship ^'Crenella^^
was formerly the Canadian steamship ''''MontcalifrhP The two ,
namfies wei^e confused in the dispatches and consequently the
discrepancy.

Page 30, after line 14, insert Note: While it would have been possible
for ^'U-16r'^ to have been in the vicinity of the battleships on
June i, it is improbable that the attack of the battleships loas on
th/it submarine. The prisoners f^om the ^^Ilattie Dunn^'^ ^'Ha%ip-
pauge^'^ and ''^Edna)'^ were not released from ^'U-ldV'^ until
June 2^ and they do not make any mention of the encounter and
would most likely have known of it.

Page 34, line 37, strike out "United Shipping States Board" and
insert United States Shipping Board,

Page 36, after line 5 insert a new paragraph, viz :

The loss of the ^^TexeV^ had a direct bearing upon the plan of
operations for the ''''United States Naval Railway Batteries in
France,'^'' That ship teas one of those chosen to transport a cargo
of material for that remarkable enterprise^ and her loss neces-
sitated the selection of another vessel.

Page 38, strike out lines 11 to 26 (both inclusive) and insert in lieu
thereof after line 10 The official list, made later, shows that 272
survivors were landed at New York, viz:
Crew — 1 stewardess and 91 men; total 92,
Passengers — 58 females, 118 males, and 4 infants; total 180,
Other su/rvivors from the " S, S, Carolina " were accounted
for on June Jf, At 1,1^6 p, m, lifeboat No, S, containing 8 women
and 21 men landed through the surf at the foot of South Carolina
Avenue, Atlantic City, N, J, The same day the British steam-
ship ^''Appleby " picked up from lifeboat No, 1, 9 members of the
crew and 10 passengers and earned them to Lewes, Del, The
first loss of life charged to enemy submarine activity off the
American Atlantic coast was recorded when the survivors froin
lifeboat No, 1 were picked up by the steamship ''''Appleby,^'' and
reported tluit while trying to weather the rough' sea that arose
during the night their boat had capsized about 12,15 a, m,, June
3, and it was later found that 7 passengers, the purner, and 5
members of the crew were missing and were lost.

On June 3, at ^ p, m,, the Danish steamship '''' Bryssel " picked

' up the abandoned lifeboat No, 1,

32724—21

453581

• • « • » «

. . • • «. »

• • •

» f ♦ • .

Page 41, line 36, after the words " found nothing" insert Note: The
encounter of the TJ , S. S. " Preble " was too far north to have been
with " U-lSi:'

Page 44, line 20, after the word " schooner " strike out " Ella Swift "
and insert "Ellen A, Swifty

Page 44, line 22, after the word " whaler " strike out " Nicholson "
and insert "^. M,,Nichol8onP

Page 46, strike out footnote 14 and insert ^* The joint attack hy the
battleship " South Carolina " and TJ , S. " S. C. 23 J^ " occurred in
LaL S8° 26' N,^ Long, 7^° u^O' TF. and was too far north and west
to have been on " 11^161^ Besides Capt. Ballestad says^ in Ms
testimony^ that fronfi 6.20 p, m., on J woe 8, to 6,20 a, m., Jun^e 9,
his ship followed the submarine at a slow speedy without stop-
ping^ on a course east^ southeast^ easterly^ and they did not
encou/nter the battleship.

Page 50, after line 29 insert iV6>^6; 12 lives were lost on the "Tor-
tuguero?'^

Page 56, line 24, strike out " Grand Island " and insert Grand Manan
Island,

Page 56, line 29, strike out " Grand Island " and insert Grand Manan
Island,

Page 59, in footnote 29, strike out " Elizabeth Von Bilgie " and in-
sert Elizabeth Van Belgie,

Page 88, after line 6 insert Note: There was v/) loss of life on the two
fishing vessels^ ''' Cruiser '^'^ and ''Old Time,^^ All reached shore
in safety.

Page 91, line 23, strike out " tampion " and insert tompion.

Page 94, line 13, strike out " Brazilian " and insert American,

Page 95, line 4, strike out words "The day after" and insert Two
' days after.

Page 96, line 44, after the word "longitude" (line 43) strike out
" 58° " and insert 68''.

Page 105, line 38, strike out " October 19 " and insert October 18,

Page 106, line 11, after the word "Constanza" insert Note: The
British Admiralty give the name as " Constance^'^ 199 gross tons.
The vessel was salvaged.

Page 118, line 33, strike out "August " and insert October.

Page 124, line 34, strike out "August " and insert September.

Page 133, line 14, after the words Norwegian S. S. strike out " Brei-
ford " and insert Breifond; also in line 16, same correction.

Page 133, after paragraph 6 insert new paragraph, viz :

Besides the three rescued by the '' Breifond "^"^ five other men,
including one dead, were picked up Hy the American steamship
" LaJce Felicity " and taken to Newport, 'R. I, The five men
clung to pieces of the pilot house, on which they remained for 12
hours. One died after 9 hours of exposure, A total of 30 lives
was lost, including this man.

Page 134, line 9, strike out the words " The crew of 11 men came in
the Inlet with the captain in one of their own boats ; the balance
of the crew landed on North Beach, Coast Guard Station 112,"
and insert in lieu thereof : Of the crew, consisting of 29 men, the
captain and 11 men came in the Inlet in one of their own boats
arid landed at Coast Guard Station 112, Another boat with 11
men landed on North Beach am,d 6 wjen were found missing
and lost.

Page 140, table No. 1, strike out "Notre Dame de Lagarde, F. V.

145. B. Aug. 22 " and insert " Notre Dame de la Garde ^ F, F.

U5. B, Aug 21,
Page 157, line 27, second column, strike out " Brieford " and insert

Breifond,
Page 160, line 51, strike out " Brazilian " and insert American.

CORRECTIONS CHART NO. 1.
CHART TRACK OF U-151.

May 19 (S.'S. Nyama), Insert sign showing vessel attacked but not

sunk in lat. 38° 21' N., long. 70° 05' W. ^
May 21 (S. S. Crenella). Change sign to indicate vessel attacked

but not sunk.
June 13 {Llanstephen Castle). Lat. 38° 02' N., long. 72° 47' W.

Change sign to indicate vessel attacked but not sunk.
June 18 (S. S.Dwimk). Lat. 38° 30^ N., long. 61° 15' W. Should

have sign indicating vessel sunk.

CHART TRACK OF U-156.

July 23 (schooner Robert and Richard). 60 miles SE. of Cape

Porpoise. Should be July 22.
August 8 (S. S. Sydland). Insert sign showing vessels sunk in lat.

41° 30' N.J long. 65° 22' W.

Note : Sign indicating vessel sunk on August 8, on chart track

of U-117 should be on track of V-166.
August 20 {Triumph and fishing fleet). 52 miles SW. of Cape

Canso, N. S., approximately lat. 44° 31' N., long. 60° 30' W.

Change sign to indicate vessels sunk.
August 22 {Notre Dame de la Garde). Lat. 45° 32' N., long. 58°

57' W. Should be August 21.
August 27 (near Cape Canso, N. S.). Strike out sign indicating

vessel sunk.

CHART TRACK OF U-14 0.

July 19 (U. S. S. Ilarrishurg). Lat. 45° 33' N., long. 41° W.

Should be July 14.
July 19 (S. S. Joseph Cudahy). Lat. 41° 15' N., long. 52° 18' W.

Should be July 18.
July 26 (S. S. British Major). Approximately lat. 38° 42' N.,

long., 60° 58' W. Change sign to indicate vessel attacked but

not sunk.
July 30 (S. S. Kermanshah). Lat. 38° 24' N., long. 68° 41' W.

Change sign to indicate vessel attacked but not sunk.
August 10 (U. S. S. StringJmm). Lat. 35° 51' N., long. 73° 21' W.

Change sign to. indicate vessel attacked but not sunk.
August 13 (U. S. S. Pastores). Lat. 35° 30' N., long. 69° 43' W.

Change sign to indicate vessel attacked but not sunk.
September 7 (S. S. War Ranee). Lat. 51° 27' N., long. 33° 24' W.

Should be September 5, and sign changed to indicate vessel

attacked but not sunk.

/

CHART TRACK OF U-117.

August 8 (S. S. Sydland). Lat. 41° 30' N., long. 65° 22' W. Strike

out sign indicating vessel sunk. Should be on chart track of

U-'166.
August 14 (schooner Dofothy B, Barrett), Lat. 38° 54' N., long.

74° 24' W. Change sign to indicate vessel sunk.
Aug. 15 (motor vessd Madru^ada), Lat. 37° 50' N., long. 74°

55' W. Change sign to indicate vessel sunk.
August 22 (S. S. Algeria) . Lat. 40° 30' N., long. 68° 35' W. Should

be August 21.
August 25 (schooner Bianca). Lat. 43° 13' N., long. 61° 05' W.

Should be August 24.

CHART TRACK OF U-155.

August 28 (S. S. Montoso). Lat. 40° 19' N., long. 32° 18' W.
Should be August 27.

September 11 (S. S. Leixoes), Lat. 42° 45' N., long. 57° 37' W.
Should be September 12, and sign indicating vessel sunk should
be moved east to lat. 42° 45' N., long. 51° 37' W.

October 17 (S. S. Lucia). Insert sign indicating vessel sunk in lat.
38° 05' K, long. 50° 50' W.

CHART TRACK OF U-152.

October 16. Strike out sign indicating vessel sunk, approximately

lat. 38° 05' N., long. 50° 50' W.
October 18 (S. S. Briarleaf). Lat. 36° 05' N., long. 49° 12' W.

Should be October 17.

WASHINGTON : GOYEBNMENT PRINTING OFFICB : 1021

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

List of illustrations 4

Preface 5

Foreword . 7

Table showing arrivals and departures of German submarines 7

Steps taken by the Navy Department to protect shipping along the Atlantic

coast 8

Dispatches from Force commander in Europe giving necessary information to

prepare to meet attacks : 9

The Deutschland 15

Visit of German U-63 to Newport, R. 1 18

The cruise of the German U-151 23

The cruise of the German U-156 ; 50

The cruise of the German U-140 70

The cruise of the German U-117 82

The cruise of the German U-155 100

The cruise of the German U-152 106

Cable cutting by U-151 119

United States and Allied radio service adequate for transaction of important

official business in case the cables had all been cut , 121

Mine-laying operations 122

Submarine mines on the Atlantic coast of the United States 125

Mine-sweeping ships by naval districts 135

Mine-sweeping operations on the Atlantic coast 136

Table No. 1: Vessels destroyed by submarines acting on the surface using gun-
fire and bombs in western Atlantic 139

Table No. 2: Vessels destroyed by submarines submerged and firing torpedoes. 140

Table No. 3: Vessels damaged or destroyed by mines 141

Appendix 143

Folded charts:

1. German submarine activities in the western Atlantic waters In pocket.

2. Enemy mining activities on the Atlantic coast In pocket.

m

3

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

The United States Navy's first U-boat capture, German U-58 captured by the

United States destroyers U. S. S. Fanning and U. S. S. Nicholson. . . Frontispiece.

Facing page—

The Deutschland /'Mercantile Submarine" 16

The Deutschland at Baltimore, Md. (Two prints) 16

The Deutschland at Baltimore, Md 16

The Deutschland at New London, Conn , 16

The Deutschland leaving for Germany 16

German U-53 at Newport R. I. U. S. S. Birmingham in the background 16

German U-151 at sea. Taken from the deck of the American S . S . Pinar del Rio . 16

German U-151 at sea, from the Spanish passenger steamer Isabel de Bourbon. . 16
The interior of a German submarine showing its instruments and high-powered

engines 32

Photographic copy of the receipt given to the master of the American schooner

Hauppauge by Eorvettenkapitan v. Nostitz 32

Time fuse used on the American schooner Edna by U-151 32

Depth charge exploding 32

German submarine at sea 48

A Grerman submarine lying near a ship which has just been boarded by the

submarine's men '. 48

Smoke-screen defense 48

War on hospital ships 48

Receipt given to the master of the Norwegian S. S. San Jose by J. Knoeckel,

Oberleutnant U-156 60

Receipt given to the master of the Swedish S. S. Sydland, by J. Knoeckel,

Oberleutnant U-156 61

American steamship O. B. Jennings after her fire 80

(jerman U-117 anchored at Washington, D. C, after the war. Used in the

Victory loan campaign 80

German U-boat showing saw-teeth on the bow used for cutting nets 80

Sinking of American S. S. Frederick R. Kellogg 80

German U-155 (ex-Deutschland) as a war ship 96

Large gun mounted on U-155 (ex-Deutschland). 96

German U-155 (ex-Deutschland) after surrender anchored within the shadow

of the famous Tower Bridge, London 96

U-155 (ex-Deutschland) after the war in the Thames near London 96

Survivors of the U. S. A. C. T. Lucia leaving the ship 112

Motor boat arriving alongside the U. S. S. Fairfax with a load of survivors from

the U.S. A. 0. T. Lucia ^ 112

U. S. S. Ticonderoga 112

Type of U-boat which operated in American waters 112

Explosion of 450 pounds of T. N. T 128

German and American submarines at Harwich, England 128

American tanker Herbert L. Pratt after being mined 128

Damage to the American tanker Herbert L. Pratt by mine explosion 128

U. S. S. San Diego 128

U. S. S.Minnesota 128

Damage to the U. S. S. Minnesota by mine explosion 128

Piece of the mine removed from the U. S. S. Minnesota after mine eiq>losion. . 128

4

PREFACE,

The pTeparation of the data for this article has occupied the time
of a large part of the personnel of the !Sstorical Section of the Navy
Department for several months.

It has been attended with great difficidties. The reports of the
sightings of submarines have been without number, and great care
has been exercised to try to corroborate or validate the reports, and
all have been rejected which do not answer such conditions as to
accuracy. It is believed to be strictly accurate with the information
available at the present time.

The two charts accompanying the report, which were prepared
through the kindness of the United States Hydrographic Office, are
intended to show as clearly as possible the operations of the sub-
marines. On Qiart No. 1 are printed the tracks of all the operating
vessels. On Chart No. 2 is shown the location of all the mine fields
with the number of mines in the area covered and when and how they
were removed or destroyed.

The information received as to the number of mines in each area
and the reports of their destruction leave httle or no doubt that the
Atlantic coast is free from any danger as to mines.

C. C. Mabsh,
Captain, U. 8. Navy (retired) ,
Officer in Charge, Historical Section, Navy Department.

December 12, 1919.

GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON THE ATLANTIC COAST
OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

FOREWORD.

In defining in this article what should be considered as the Ameri-
can Atlantic coast, the meridian 40° west longitude is adopted
arbitrarily to separate the submarine activities on the European
coast from those on the American coast.

^ It is not believed necessary to go into the discussion based on
opinions or surmises during the early years of the war in Europe as
to whether or not an attack by the Germans would be made on the
American coast. Therefore, the operations herein described are those
which actually took place in the year 1918, with a description of the
preliminary cruises made by the DeutscJiland and the U-6S in the
year 1916.

Of course, it must remain a matter, more or less, of conjecture as
to what was actually the object of the cruises made by the Deutsch-
land in 1916. Apparently they were both purely commercial voyages.
The voyage of the U-53 assumes more a character of a path-finding
expedition. This vessel was a strictly combative vessel. It is
interesting to note that on the arrival of this vessel at Newport, the
commanding officer stated to the American submarine that he did
not need or want a pilot to enter Newport, and that he wanted no
supphes or provisions or materials of any kind.

In order to keep clear in the mind of the reader the dates and
tracks of the several vessels, there is given here a condensed table
of arrivals and departures.

Table showing arrivals and departures of German submarines off United States Atlantic

coast or west of longitude 40^.

Name or nimiber.

Deutschland (1st). .

U-53

Deutschland (2d)..

U-151

U-156

u-140 :...

U-117

U-155 (formerly the

Deutschland).
U-152

U-139

Left Germany.

June 14, 1916

About Sept. 20, 1916

Oct. 10, 1916

Apr. 14, 1918.:

About June 15, 1918.

About June 22, 1918.
July, 1918, first part

August, 1918, first

part.
August, 1918, latter

part.
September, 1918,

first part.

Arrived off Atlantic

coast or longitude

W.40«.

July 9, 1916..
Oct. 7, 1916..
Nov. 1. 1916.

)^ay 15, 1918.
uly5, 1918..

July 14, 1918.
Aug. 8, 1918.

Sept. 7,1918..
Sept. 29, 1918.

Did not get west of
43-40 N., 30-60 W.

Left Atlantic coast.

Aug. 1, 1916
Oct. 7. 1916

Nov. il, 1916.
July 1, 1918...
Sept. 1, 1918..

.do.
.do.

Oct. 20, 1918

do

Not on Atlantic
coast.

Arrived Germany.

Aug. 23, 1916.
Nov. 1, 1916.
Dec. 10, 1916.
Aug. 1, 1918.
Struck mine in

North Sea about

Nov. 15, 1918;

sunk.
Oct. 25, 1918.
In October. 1918,

was towed in.
Nov. 16, 1918.

Do.

Do.

8 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

The appended Chart No. 1 gives in detail the cruises of all these
vessels. These tracks and all the data accompanying them are in
accordance with aU the data available at this tiye. It is possible
that further data in the future will possibly require some corrections,
but the main facts are correct.

There is, therefore, given in the following pages a brief accoimt
of the commercial cruises of the Deutschland and the preliminary
cruise of the Z7-5S, and somewhat at length, the cruises of all the sub-
marines that operated oflf the American coast. The cruise of TJ-1S9
is shown on the chart, but not referred to in the text, as she never
got west of longitude 30-50 and therefore does not properly belong
in the operations of the submarines off the United States Atlantic
coast.

STEPS TAKEN BY THE NAVY DEPARTMENT TO PROTECT
. SHIPPING ALONG ATLANTIC SEABOARD.

Anticipating such attacks from German submarines , the Navy De-
partment on February 1, 1918, appointed a special board to make rec-
omniendations as to the methods to be taken to provide for " defense
against submarines in home waters." The report of the board, with
certain alterations, was approved by the Chief of Naval Operations
on March 6, 1918. (Note: Report in full of the special board, with
alterations, will be found in the Appendix, page 143.) In accord-
ance with the recommendations of this board, the following steps
were taken:

1. Submarines placed and ready to operate as soon as information received of enemy:

Colon. New York.

• St. Thomas. Long Island area.

Key West. Boston.

Galveston.* Halifax.'

Chesapeake,
f . Shipping:

(a) Shipping should be kept going with the least possible delay, at the same

time taking all possible offensive measures to remove the danger.
(&) Approach routes adopted for Atlantic seaboard for westboimd ships.

Now in force for New York, Delaware, Chesapeake, and being extended to
whole seaboard, including Caribbean and Gulf,
(c) Convoy lanes adopted and in force for all eastboimd shipping. Aircraft
escort convoys to 50-fathom curve and as far as possible beyond until
dark. This escort is in addition to submarine chasers and destroyers.
((f) Coasting trade to hug the coast, keeping within 5-fathom curve. Only
smaller and less valuable ships placed in coastal service. Coastal pro-
tections to be handled by districts through which shipping passes,
(e) Diversion of ships for entire Caribbean and Gulf coast. Shipping out of
Gulf of Mexico to be routed north or south of Cuba as most expedient,
depending on circumstances at time. Ships sail by day close in shore
imder protection patrol craft or at night by offshore diverted routes.
Independent sailings to be adhered to unless situation becomes so acute
as to warrant convoys.

» Not yet effective.

STEPS TAKEN TO PROTECT SHIPPING. 9

S. War warnings:

Vested in Navy Department except such as require immediate action and are
authentic. War warnings not to be given unless presumed to be authentic.

4. District defevae:

(a) Nets and defensive mine fields; no offensive mines.

(6) Air patrol.

(c) Listening stations on lightships and elsewhere. Submarine bells stopped.

(rf) Sweeping service at shipping points.

(e) Limited escort offshore by chasers and nine destroyers retained for purpose.

(/) Patrol craft at focal points to answer rescue calls.

5. Intelligence Section:

Coast patrols have been oiganized and system of communications perfected to

obtain information of enemy.
Secret service has been expanded, particularly in Gulf and Caribbean areas,

and Secret Service is in touch with British service.

6. Wireless:

All route-giving officers in Europe have been instructed to warn all shipping ap-
proaching Atlantic seaboard not to use wireless for communicating instructions.

DISPATCHES FROM FORCE COMMANDER IN EUROPE.

The following dispatches from the force commander in Europe,
arranged chronologically, gave the Navy Department necessary
information to prepare for and meet the attacks which followed:

A'pril 28, 1917. — ^With regard to' submarines entering and leaving their bases, and
their approximate whereabouts while operating, the Admiralty is able to maintain
information that is fairly exact.

Of the thirty-four mine U-boats two for some days were not located, and the Ad-
miralty was on the point of informing us of the probability of their being en route to
the United States when their whereabouts were discovered. It is the Admiralty's
belief now that at present none are likely to be sent over and that the present effort
of the submarines which is successful will be kept up off the Channel entrance.

April 11 y 1918 (No. 6352) (quoted in part). — ^The Department will be kept supplied
with all information obtainable here as to the probability of hostile op«:ations on home
coast. *

May ly 1918 (7289). — ^Admiralty informs me that information from reliable agents
states that a submarine of Deutchland type left Germany about nineteenth April to
attack either American troop transports or ships carrying material from the States.

So far as known the Germans formed conclusions that: Nantucket Shoals and Sable
Island direct to Europe.

Second: Material transports go from Newport News to a point south of Bermuda
and then to Azores and thence to destination.

It is thought that the submarine is taking a northern route across Atlantic, average
speed five knots.

None of new class of cruising submarines ready for service.

Admiralty experience with Deutchland class establishes following conclusions:

They generally operate a long distance from shore and seldom in leas than one hun-
dred fathoms.

Their single hulls are very vulnerable to depth-charge attack.

They rarely attack submerged.

There is but one known instance of attack against convoy and but two of torpedo
attack against single vessels, one being unsuccessful. They attack by gun fire almost
exclusively.

The most effective type to oppose them is the submarine.

They shift their operating area as soon as presence of submarine is discovered.

Admiralty requests Admiral Grant be given a copy of this cablegram*

10 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

May 15 y 1918 (7289). — Infonnation contained in this cable is given me by the British
Admiralty and is necessarily somewhat paragraphed for transmission, but I have
every reason to believe it is authentic. There appears to be a reasonable probability
that the submarines in question may arrive off the United States coast at any time
after May twentieth and that they will carry mines.

English experience indicates the favorite spot for laying mines to be the position
in which merchant ships stop to pick up pilots. For instance, for Delaware Bay the
pilots for large ships are picked up south of the Five Fathom Bank Light Vessel.
This in our opinion is one of the most likely spots for a submarine to lay mines.

As regards information possessed by Germany on subject of antisubmarine patrol.
They have from various neutral sources information that a patrol is maintained off
most of the harbors and especially off Chesapeake Bay. A neutral has reported that
the patrol extends as far as Cape Skerry.

It should be noted that except for mine laying, submarines of this class always
work in deep water and that the Germans have laid mines in water in depths up to
seventy fathoms. So far as is known there is no reason why they should not lay
mines in depths up to ninety fathoms.

The foregoing completes the infonnation furnished by British Admiralty. The
following is added by me.

There are circumstances which render it highly important that nothing whatever
should be given out which would lead the enemy even to surmise that we have had
any advance infonnation concerning this submarine, even in the event of our sinking
her, and that such measures as are taken by the department be taken as secretly as
possible and without public diaclosure of the specific reasons.

I venture to remind the department in this connection that the employment of
surface vessels to patrol against this submarine would probably result at best in merely
driving her from one area to another, whereas the employment of submarines against
her might lead to her destruction. It is suggested that having estimated her most
probable areas of operation submarines be employed in a patrol as nearly stationary
as may be, some of them covering the point south of Five Fathoms Bank Light Vessel,
remaining submerged during the day with periscopes only showing. Of five sub-
marines certainly destroyed in four days three were torpedoed by British submarines.

June 4 J 1918— (9029). — It is practically certain that there is but one submarine on
Atlantic coast, which is probably U-151.

June 7, 1918 — (9120). — ^Military characteristics of U-151 from latest Admiralty
information as follows:

Length 213 feet 3 inches breadth 29 feet 2 inches surface draft 14 feet 9 inches dis-
placement surface 1700 tons submerged 2100 tons Engine 1200 horsepower speed 11
knots and a half surface speed 8 knots submerged fuel stowage 250 tons including
stowage in ballast tank, endurance surface 17,000 miles at 6 knots submerged 50 miles
at 7 knots armament 2-5-9 guns two 22 pounders one machine gun six torpedo tubes
4 bow 2 stem complement 8 oflScers 65 men: U-151 is converted mercantile sub-
marine Deutschland type commander probably Lieutenant Conmiander Kophamel
formerly in command of Pola submarine flotilla. In cruising last from September 10th
to December 20th approximately U-151 was out over 100 days during this period 9
steamers and 5 sailing vessels total 45,000 tons sunk by gunfire, about 400 ammunition
carried for each gun, limited number of torpedoes carried — maximum of 12. Sub-
marine may be equipped to carry and lay about 40 mines.

June 29 J 1918 — (357). — Second cruiser submarine at sea. At present off west coast
of Ireland. Her field of operation not yet known. Can not reach longitude of
Nantucket before July fifteenth. Shall keep Department informed.

July 5, 1918 — (655, our 357). — Enemy cruiser submarine outward bound, reported
July 4 about 45 N, 30 W. proceeding southwesterly.

STEPS TAKEN TO PROTECT SHIPPING. 11

July 24y 1918. — ^Admiralty has received reliable infonnation indicating that U-156
is intended to operate in Gulf of Maine but if foggy there to shift operations off
Delaware.

July 26 J 1918, — Admiralty report on reliable authority that harbor works, cranes,
etc., at Wilmington are considered by Germans as favorable objectives for bombard-
ment. This and other similar information is transmitted for such use as the depart-
ment can make of it although apparently of not very great value.

August ly 1918. — It is considered probable by Admiralty that a new mine-laying
type submarine is on its way to American coast, and that possibly she is the one
engaged by S. S. Baron Napier on July 26th in lat. 46-26 N. long. 32-66 W. at 0838.
It is estimated this submarine can reach longitude Nantucket Lightship August 2nd.
It is said that this type is a great improvement over U-71-80, larger than ordinary
U-boats and carries following armament: One six-inch gun, one four-inch gun, two
anti-aircraft guns, forty-fives. Also carries torpedoes but number of tubes unknown.

August 6, 1918. — Following cable received by British commander in chief "As
submarines reported western Atlantic are at present between New York and Chesa-
peake Bay area, vessels from U K below speed 13 knots are being routed north of
area if bound New York, south if bound Chesapeake Bay and north or south if bound
Delaware Bay latter being sent by X or Z routes respectively if necessary and then
hug coast. Latter case will be specified in report sent in accordance with paragraph 8
approaching routes.*' As the agreement with Navy Department is that after general
plans meet with joint approval, we will handle the diversion routes at this end for
westbound ships, this cable does not accord. It happens in this particular case to
route ships direct through area of operations of the only two submarines at present
on this coast. British C.-in-C. concurs in general scheme that westbound diversion
better be handled from this end.

Au{ru8t 7, 1918. — ^We feel so certain that mine-laying submarine will operate in
Vineyard Sound and Nantucket Sound August 10 that counter measures in miTiipg
are recommended.

August 9, 1918. — Admiralty informs that two converted mercantile type submarines
will probably leave Germany middle of August for American coast. One of them
will probably lay mines east of Atlantic City and Currituck. The other off St. Johns,
Newfoundland, Western Bay, Newfoundland and Halifax. These submarines esti-
mated to reach American waters about second week of September.

Av^at 10, 1918. — Return routes of submarine now on American coast expected to
be somewhat as follows: Submarine off Cape Hatteras at present by same return
route as U-151. Submarine off Halifax at present approximately along parallel 44
north from longitude Halifax to about 50 degrees west. Mine-laying submarine after
laying her mines expected to operate between Cape Race and Halifax.

September f , 1918. — Return route of mine-laying submarine now off American coast
expected somewhat as follows: Vicinity Cape Race through an approximate position
54 degrees north 27 degrees west.

September 9, 1918. — S. S. Monmouth reports that on September 7th she was chased
in about 43.00 north 46.50 west. Should this report prove reliable submarine would
be one of two converted mercantile type which were expected to sail from Germany
about the middle of August and she could reach the American coast about September
15th. It is known that the other had not left Germany on September 2nd.

September 16, 1918. — U-152 believed to be proceeding to America, appears to have
been submarine which sunk Danish S. V., Constanza 62.30 N. 0.35 W. at 1400 September
11. She is expected to operate to southward of steamer route and lay mines east
Atlantic City and southeast Currituck. It is estimated she can reach longitude
Nantucket first week October.

October Sf 1918. — Not for circulation. It appears that U-162 was in about 44
degrees north 39 degrees west, September 30th and is not likely therefore to reach

12 GERMAN SUBMABINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

longitude Nuitucket before about October 12th. Evidently U-1S9 was submarine
which sunk two ships by gunfire in about 45.30 north 11.00 west October 1st and is
therefore not proceeding America at present. Her commanding ofiicer Amauld de la
Periere is firm believer in attack by gunfire.

In addition to the above dispatches the following letter from the
force commander in Europe was received.

U. S. NaV^/VI* FoBOBS OPEEATmO IN EUROPBAN WATERS,

U. S. S. "Melville," Flaqship,
SO Grosvenor Gardens, Londouy 8, W., April SO, 1918.
Reference No. 01. 16416.

From: Commander, U. S. Naval Forces in European Waters.
To: Secretary of the Navy (Operations).
Subject: Areas of Operations of Enemy Submarines.
Reference: (a) My cable #6352 of 11 April.

1. Submarine along Atlantic seaboard. — Since the beginning of submarine warfare
it has been possible for the enemy to send a submarine to the Atlantic seaboard to
operate against allied shipping. The danger to be anticipated in such a diversion is
not in the number of ships that would be simk, but in the interruption and delays of
shipping due to the presence of a submarine unless plans are ready in advance to
meet such a contingency.

A more serious feature is that the department might be led to reconsider its policy
of sending antisubmarine craft abroad. It is quite possible for the enemy to send one '
or more submarines to the Atlantic seaboard at any time. The most likely type of
submarine to be used for such operations would be the cruiser submarine.

2. Cruiser submarine, — ^At the present time there are only 7 cruiser submarines com-
pleted. All of these are of the ex-Deutschland type, designed originally as cargo
cruisers and now used to assist in the submarine campaign. Ten others of greater
speed have been projected, but none have been completed, and the latest information
indicates that the work on these vessels is not being pushed. This is rather to be
expected owing to the small amount of damage done thus far by cruiser submarines.
These submarines sink only 30,000 to 40,000 tons of shipping in a four-months' cruise.

3. Cruiser submarines now in service make only about 11 J knots on the surface,
with perhaps a maximum of 7 knots submeiiged. They handle poorly under water
and probably can not submerge to any considerable depth. On account of their
large size they are particularly vulnerable to attack by enemy submarines. It is
probably for this reason that the cruiser submarine has always operated in areas well
clear of antisubmarine craft. If this type of vessel proceeded to the Atlantic seaboard
it would imdoubtedly operate well offshore and shift its areas of operations frequently.
Thus far, with one exception, which occurred a few days ago, the cruiser submarine
has never attacked convoys and has never fired torpedoes in the open sea, although
vessels of this type have been operating for 10 months. All attacks have been by
gunfire, and as these cruiser submarines are slow, they can attack with success only
small, slow, poorly armed ships.

4. If cruiser submarines are sent to the North Atlantic seaboard no great damage
to shipping is to be anticipated. Nearly all shipping eastbound is in convoy and it
is, unlikely that any appreciable number of convoys will be sighted, and if sighted
will probably not be attacked. The shipping westbound is independent, but is
scattered over such a wide area that the success of the cruiser submarine would not
be laige, and war warnings would soon indicate areas to be avoided.

[Note, — Later evidence indicates two cases of attack against single ships; in one
case the vessel was struck and the other missed by two torpedoes. — Wm. S. S.]

STEPS TAKEN TO PROTECT SHIPPING. 13

5. As there are only 7 cruiser submarines built, we are able to keep very dose
track of these ships. At the present time one of these vessels is operating off the west
coast of Spain, en route home, two are in the vicinity of the Canaries, one is in the
North Sea bound out, and three are in Germany overhauling. I have the positions
of all of these cruiser submarines checked regularly, with the idea of anticipating a
cruise of any of these vessels to America. These vessels are frequently in wireless
communication with one another, as well as with the small submarines, and they
receive messages regularly from Nauen. Their attacks against ships furnish an ad-
ditional method of checking their positions, and I hope that we wiU be able to keep
an accurate chart of all the cruiser submarines, so as to be able to warn the department
considerably in advance of any probable cruise of these vessels out of European
waters. At the moment the only pne that might cross the ocean is the one now coming
out of the North Sea, as the other three have been out too long to make a long cruise
likely.

6. Small submarines. — ^There is greater danger to be anticipated from the small
submarine — that is, submarines of a surface displacement not exceeding about 800
tons. These vessels can approach focal areas with a fair degree of immunity, and can
attack convoys or single ships imder most circiunstances. The number of torpedoes
carried by these vessels is small, however, not exceeding 10 or 12, and the damage
by gunfire would not be serious except to slow, poorly armed ships.

7. There seems little likelihood ,*however, that small submarines will be sent to the
Atlantic seaboard. These vessels would have to steam nearly 6,000 miles additional
before arriving at their hunting ground. This would mean a strain on the crew,
difficulty of supplies and fuel (although their cruising radius is sufficient), absence
from wireless information, liability to engine breakdown, unfamiliarity with American
coast, and so forth, all for a small result on arriving on the Atlantic seaboard.

S. The small submarines at present operating around the United Kingdom can
discharge their torpedoes and start home after about 10 da3rs' operations. In one case,
U-5Sf which is considered a remarkably efficient submarine, exhausted all torpedoes
after 4 days' operations in the English Channel.

9. It is certain that if the enemy traiisfers his submarine attack in any strength to
America the submarine campaign will be quickly defeated. The enemy is having
difficulty in piaantaining in operation under present conditions any considerable
number of small submarines. The average number aroimd the United Kingdom at
any time does not exceed about 10. The number is not constant but seems to be
greater during periods of full moon.

10. Declared zones. — If submarines are to operate regularly on the Atlantic sea-
board, it is quite probable that the enemy will make a public declaration extending
the present barred zones. Public declarations were made January 31, 1917, setting
limits to the barred zone and these were extended by proclamation on November 22,
1917; January 8, 1918: January 11, 1918.

The barred zone around the Azores was declared in November, 1917, but a cruiser
submarine operated in the vicinity during June, July, and August, 1917. The barred
zone around the Cape de Verde Islands was declared January 8, 1918, but a cruiser
submarine was operating off Dakar and in the Cape de Verde Islands in October and
November, 1917.

It is evident that the enemy might at any time, without warning, send a submarine
to the Atlantic seaboard; but for repeated operations there he would probably declare
a barred zone. The declaring of such a zone open to ruthless warfare would weaken all
the arguments used to justify the declaring of zones in European waters. We know
that the enemy would produce arguments if the military adv^tage warranted, but
the advantage of operations in America should prove so small as not to justify the
embarrassment in extending the barred zone.

14 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

11. Future submarine operations. — ^The enemy is working on a new type of cruiser
submarine with a speed of about 17 knots and the same battery as the Deutschland
type. It is doubtful if this type of vessel will be handy under water and it is assumed
that the bulk of her work will be done by gunfire.

Convoys escorted by cruisers would have little to fear from this type of submarine;
but slow vessels poorly armed would be at a disadvantage. There is some doubt,
however, as to whether a convoy of vessels, even without a cruiser esccHt, would not
make it interesting for the submarine. Altogether the type is not greatly to be feared ;
but it is realized that this type of vessel would have considerable advantage over the
present Deutschland type of cruiser submarine.

12. Around the United Kingdom the small submarine seems to be committed, for
the present, at least, to inshore operations.

In February of 1917 there were some 30 sinkings to the westward of the 10th merid-
ian, extending as far as the 16th meridian; but in February of this year there were no
sinkings west of the 8th meridian. In March, 1917, there were 40 sinkings west of
the 10th meridian, extending as far as the 18th meridian, but in March, 1918, there
were no sinkings west of the 8th meridian. In April, 1917, there were 82 sinkings
west of the 10th meridian, extending to the 19th meridian, while in April, 1918,
practically all of the sinkings have been east of the 8th meridian, there being only 4
sinkings west of this meridian, operations not extending beyond the 12th meridian.
So far as can be ascertained the enemy are concentrspting efforts on building submarines
of about 550 tons surface displacement.

13. The changes of areas in which submarines operate have undoubtedly been
brought about by the introduction of the convoy system. Submarines operating well
to the westward have small chance of finding convoys and have the disadvantage of
having to attack convoys under escort if found. By confining their operations to
areas near shore submarines enjoy the advantage of always having a considerable
quantity of shipping in sight, as well as of finding many opportimities either by day
or night to attack ships that are not under escort or in convoy. This is necessarily so,
as there is a considerable coasting trade, cross-channel trade, and numbers of ships
proceeding to assembly ports, all of which sailings are either unescorted or poorly
escorted, and the submarine finds many opportunities for attack without subjecting
himself to the danger that he would encounter in attacking escorted convoys.

14. It is hoped during summer weather to make a wider use of aircraft and small
surface craft to protect coastal waters. Whether results will be successful enough to
drive the submarine farther offshore remains to be seen. Every indication at present
seems to point to the submarines continuing their operations near the coast.

15. The convoy system has given us a double advantage:

(a) It has brought the submarine closer in shore, where more means are available
for attacking it.

(6) It has given protection and confidence to shipping at sea and made the submarine
expose himself to considerable risk of destruction in case he elects to attack a convoy.

There are many indications that the submarine does not relish the idea of attacking
convoys imless the escort is a weak one or a favorable opportunity presents itself
through straggling ships or otherwise. About 90 per cent of the attacks delivered by
submarines are delivered against ships that are not in convoy.

16. Departmenfa policy. — I fully concur in the department's present policy, namely,
retaining on the Atlantic seaboard only the older and less effective destroyers, together
with a number of submarine chasers and the bulk of our submarines. The submarine
campaign will be defeated when we minimize the losses in European waters. If the
enemy voluntarily assists us by transferring his operations to the Atlantic seaboard
his defeat will come the sooner.

THE DEUTSCHLAND. 15

17. There is always the likelihood that a submarine may appear off the American
coast. In the same manner, and this would be fully as embarrassing, submarines may
begin operations west of the 20th meridian. The losses from all such operations must
be accepted. We are certain that they will be small, and will not, for many reasons,
be regularly carried on.

18. I see nothing in the submarine situation to-day to warrant any change in the
present policy of the department. The situation is not as serious as it was a year ago
at this time. The Allies are getting better defensive measures and are increasing
offensive measures against the submarine, many of which are meeting with success.
The help of the U.S. Navy has materially aided in defeating the submarine campaign.
Present information indicates that we are at least holding our own with the submarine,
and that submarine construction is slowing down rather than speeding up. During
the first quarter of 1918 we sank 21 enemy submarines, and the best information indi-
cates that not more than 17 new boats are commissioned. With the coming of better
weather it is hoped that the situation will further improve.

19. There seems no sound reason for assuming that the enemy will transfer oper-
ations to the Atlantic seaboard, except possibly in the case of the cruiser submarines.
These vessels have thus far done little damage to shipping, and it might prove good
strategy to send them to our coast. . In any event no great danger is to be anticipated
from the present type of cruiser submarine, and adequate steps can be taken to deal
with these vessels if they arrive on the Atlantic seaboard.

20. This letter was prepared prior to the dispatch of my cable No. 7289 of May 1.

THE DEUTSCHLAND.

The German submarine Dmtschland, the first cargo-carrying U-
boat, left Bremen with a cargo of chemicals and dyestuffs on Jime 14,
1916, and shaped her course for Heligoland, where she remained for
nine days for the purpose, so her captain, Paul Koenig, stated, of
throwing the enemy off the scent if by any means he should have
learned what was being attempted.

The DeutscMand was manned by a crew of 8 oiSicers and 26 men —
the captain, 3 deck officers, 4 engineer officers, 6 quartermasters, 4
electricians, 14 engineers, 1 steward and 1 cook.

Because of the danger by way of the English Channel, which was
heavily netted, Capt. "Koenig laid his course aroimd the north of
Scotland, and it was while he was in the North Sea that most of
the submergence of the DeutscMand (about 90 miles in all) took place.
Usually the U-boat traveled on the siu^ace, but on sighting any
suspicious ship she would immediately submerge, occasionally using
her periscopes. According to Capt. Koenig's account, she was sub-
merged to the bottom and remained for several hours.

The DeutscMand resembled the typical German U-boat, but carried
no torpedo tubes or guns. Her hull was cigar-shaped, cylindrical
structure, which extends from stem to stern. Inclosing the hull was
a lighter false hull, which was perforated to permit the entrance and
exit of water and was so shaped as to give the submarine a fairly
good ship model for diving at full speed on the surface and at a
lesser speed submerged. The dimensions and some of the character-
istics of the DeutscMand were as follows: Length, 213 feet 3 inches;

16 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

beam, inner hull, about 17 feet; beam, outer hull, 29 feet 2 inches;
depth, about 24 feet; depth to top of conning tower, about 35 feet;
draft Goaded), 16 to 17 feet; displacement, light, 1,800 tons — sub-
merged, 2,200 tons. Speed on the surface, 12 to 14 knots per hour —
submerged, 7^ knots; fuel oil capacity, 150 tons normal, and maxi-
mum! 240 tons.

At 7i knots per hour she could remain submerged for 8 hours; at
Si knots per hour, 40 hours; at IJ knots per hour, 96 hours. Cargo
capacity, about 750 tons. The DeutscMand was equipped with two
vertical inverted, four-cycle, single-acting, nonreversible, air-starting
engines of 600 horsepower each; Deisel, Krupp type; diameter of
cylinders, about 17 inches; shaft, about 6 inches.

She had two periscopes of the housing type, one in the conning
tower and one offset, forward of the conning tower. H^ electric
batteries consisted of 280 cells in two batteries of 140 cells each.
There were two motors on each shaft, each motor being 300 horse-
power. She was ftdly equipped with radio apparatus, installed in a
soimd-proof room. The radio set was in forward trimming station.
Two hollow masts were used, height about 43 feet above the deck;
length of antenna, about 160 feet. Masts were hinged and housed
in recesses in starboard superstructure. They were raised by means
of a special motor and drum.

The interior of the cylindrical htdl was divided by four transverse
bulkheads, into five separate water-tight compartments. Compart-
ment No: 1 at the bow contained the anchor cables and electric
winches for handling the anchor; also general ship stores and a certain
amoimt of cargo. Compartment No. 2 was given up entirely to
cargo. Compartment No. 3, which was considerably larger than any
of the others, contained the living quarters of the ofl&cers and crew.
At the after end of this compartment and communicating with it
was the conning tower. Compartment No. 4 was given up entirely
to cargo. Compartment No. 5 contaiaed the propelling machinery,
the two heavy oil engines, and the two electric motors. The storage
batteries were carried in the bottom of the boat, below the hving
compartment. For purposes of communication, a gangway 2 feet
6 inches wide by 6 feet high was built through each cargo compart-
ment, thus rendering it possible for the crew to pass entirely from
one end of the boat to the other. The freeboard to the main deck
ran the ftdl length of the boat and was about 5i to 6 feet wide.

The cockpit at the top of the conning tower was about 16 feet
above the water, there being a shield in front so shaped as to throw
the wind and spray upward and clear of the face of the quartermaster
or other observer. The forward wireless mast carried a crow's nest
for the lookout.

THE DIIUTSCHLAND AT BALTIMORE, WD.
(Page 17.)

THE DEUT8CHLAND AT BALTIMORE, MD.
(Fag* 17.)

THE D1njTSCHI.AND AT
(Page 17.:

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THE DEUTSCHLAND. 17

The DeutscJiland made a safe passage through the North Sea,
avoiding the British patrols. The rest of the trip was made prin-
cipally on the surface. The weather was fine throughout. When oflf-
the Virginia Capes she submerged for a couple of h6urs because of
two ships sighted of doubtful appearance. She passed through the
Capes on July 9, 1916, at 1 o'clock a. m., and as she left Helgoland on
Jime 23, the time of her trip was 16 days. The DeutscJiland arrived
at Baltimore, Md., on Simday, July 9, 1916. The total distance from
Bremen to Baltimore by the course sailed was about 3,800 miles.
Her cargo consisted of 750 tons of dyestuffs and chemicals, valued
at about $1,000,000, and which was discharged at Baltimore.

The DeutscJiland remained at Baltimore 23 days and took on cargo
for her return trip — a lot of crude rubber in bulk, 802,037 pounds,
value $568,854.84; nickel, 6,739 bags, 3 half bags, weight 752,674
poimds, value $376,337; tin in pig, 1,785 pigs, weight 181,049 pounds,
value $108,629.40. Goods were billed to Bremen and no consignee
was stated.

She left Baltimore on August 1, 1916, and arrived at the mouth of
the Weser Eiver at 3 p. m., August 23, 1916. "The Berliner Tage-
blat,'' of August 24, 1918, said:

The voyage was at the beginning stormy; later on was less rough. There was much
fog on the English coast, and the North Sea was stormy. The ship proved herself an
exceedingly good seagoing vessel. The engines worked perfectly, without inter-
ruption. Forty-two hundred (4,200) sea miles were covered, one hundred (100) under
water.

She was made ready and reloaded with another cargo of dyestuffs
and chemicals for her second voyage to the United States within a
week. Her health certificate was issued by the American vice
consul at Bremen on September 30, 1916. She was ready to go to
sea again on October 1, 1916, but was held imtil October 1(), 1916, for
possible word concerning the Bremen. The last voyage to the United
States covered 21 days, being somewhat retarded by hard weather.
She arrived at New London, Conn., on November 1, 1916; discharged
her cargo of dyestuffs and chemicals and, in addition, securities said
to be to the value of 1,800,000 potmds sterling. Her return cargo
was said to contain nickel and copper; 360 tons of crude nickel which
had come from Sudbury, Canada, and had been purchased in 1914.

She left New London, Conn., on November 17, 1916, but haff a
mile from Eace Kock Light in Block Island Sound, K. I., where the
tide nms heavily, she rammed the American Steamship T. A, Scott, Jr,,
gross 36 tons, which sank in about three minutes. On account of the
collision the DeutscJiland had to return to New London for repairs.
She again left New London on November 21, 1916. Her voyage occu-
pied 19 days, arriving at the mouth of the Weser on December
10, 1916.

181062*'— 20 2

18 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

Some time after her return to Germany she was converted into a
warship and furnished with torpedo tubes and two 5.9-inch guns.
Her war activities were continued as TJ-166.

The Deutschland as the U-165 left Germany about May 24, 1917,
and operated principally off the west coast of Spain, north of the
Azores, and between the Azores and the Madeira Islands; then under
the command of Lieut. Commander Meusel, on a cruise which lasted
103 days, during which she sank 11 steamers and 8 sailing vessels,
with a total tonnage of 53,267 gross tons.

She attacked by gunfire the American Steamship J. L. LucJcenbach,
4,920 gross tons, on Jime 13, 1917, at 7.15 p. m., in latitude 44° N.,
longitude 18° 05' W., but the ship escaped.

Among the sailing vessels sunk was the American schooner John
Twdhy, 1,019 tons gross, which was sunk by bombs placed aboard,
after her capture about 120 miles south of Ponta Delgada and ap-
proximately in latitude 35° 55' N., longitude 23° 20' W., on July 21,
1917, at 6 a. m.

. Also the American bark Cliristiane, 964 tons gross, was sunk by
bombs placed on board after her capture off the Azores and ap-
proximately in latitude 37° 40' N., and longitude 20° 40' W., on
August 7, 1917, at 6 p. m. She returned to Gei^Daany about Sep-
tember 4, 1917.

The Deutschland again left Germany about January 16, 1918 —
Commander Eckelmann apparently having succeeded Lieut. Com-
mander Meusel — on a cruise which lasted about 108 days, during
which time she sank 10 steamers and 7 sailing vessels,' with a total
gross tonnage of 50,926 tons, viz, 2 British steamers (armed), 5
Italian steamers (armed), 2 Norwegian and 1 Spanish steamer
(unarmed), 4 British, 2 Portuguese, and 1 Spanish sailing vessel.
From the Norwegian Steamship WagadesTc, which was captured and
afterwards simk, she took 45 tons of brass, which she took back to
Germany. During the cruise she operated between the Azores and
Cape Vincent off the coast of Spain, and the entrance to the Straits
of Gibraltar.

She returned to Germany about May 4, 1918.

In August, 1918, she began her famous cruise on the American
coast.

VISIT OF THE GERMAN SUBMARINE U-53 TO NEWPORT,

R. I., OCTOBER 7, 1916.

On October 7, 1916, between the two visits of the German commer-
cial submarine Deutschland to the United States, the German sub-
marine lJ-53 entered the port of Newport, R. I., under the command
of Lieut. Hans Rose.

VISIT OF GERMAN SUBMABINE U-63. 19

At 2 p. m. October 7 a code message was received from the U. S.
submarine D-2, stating that a German man-of-war submarine was
standing in. A few minutes later a German submarine was sighted
entering the harbor of Newport. The submarine was first sighted
3 miles east of Point Judith, standing toward Newport, and the D-2
approached and paralleled her course to convoy the German submarine
while in sight of land. Upon arrival at Brenton Reef Lightship, the
captain of the German submarine requested permission from D-Z
to enter port, which permission was granted by the D-2. The Ger-
man captain stated that he did not need a pilot. The D-2 convoyed
the submarine into Newport Harbor. She was flying the German
man-of-war ensign and the commission pennant and carrying two
guns in a conspicuous position.

Upon approaching the anchorage the TJ-BS, through the captain
of the U. S. D-2j signaled the U. S. S. BirmingTiam, Eear Admiral
Albert Gleaves commanding, requesting to be assigned to a berth.
She was assigned to- Berth No. 1, where she anchored at 2.15 p. m.

The commandant of the naval station, Narragansett Bay, R. I.,
sent his aide alongside to make the usual inquiries, but with instruc-
tions not to go on board, as no communication had yet been had with
the health authorities. At 3 p. m. the commanding officer of the
U-S3j Lieut. Hans Rose, went ashore in a boat which he requested
and which was furnished by the U. S. S. BirmingJiam, He called on the
commandant of the Narragansett Bay Naval Station. He was in the
imitorm of a lieutenant in the German Navy, wearing the iron cross;
and he stated, with apparent pride, that his vessel was a man-of-war
armed with guns and torpedoes. He stated that he had no object in
entering the port except to pay his respects; that he needed no
supplies or assistance, and that he proposed to go to sea at 6 o'clock.
He stated also that he left Wilhelmshaven 17 days before, touching
at Heligoland.

The collector of customs located at Providence, R. I., telephoned
and asked for information as to the visit of the German submarine,
and when.told that she intended to sail at 6 p. m., he stated that under
the circumstances it not be practicable for either him or a quarantine
officer to visit the ship.

Following the visit of the captain, the commandant sent his aide
to return the call of the captain of the U-5S and to request that no
use be made of the radio apparatus of the vessel in port.

The submarine was boarded by the aide to the commandant, and
immediately afterwards the commander of destroyer force's staff.
In reply to inquiry the following information was obtained.

The vessel was the German 17-53, Kapitan Lieut. Hans Rose
in command. The US3 sailed from Wilhelmshaven and was 17
days out. No stores or provisions were required and that the U-5S

20 GEBMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

proposed to sail about sundown on the same day; that the trip had
been made without incident, on the surface, and had passed to the
northward of the Shetland Islands and along the coast of New-
foundland.

The following of interest was noted: Length above the water, about
212 feet; two Deisel Niirnberg engines, each of 1,200 horsepower;
each engine had six cylinders; maximum speed, 15 knots; sub-
merged speed, 9 to 11 knots.

The captain stated with pride that the engines were almost noise-
less and made absolutely no smoke except when first starting. She
had four 18-inch torpedo tubes, two in the bow and two in the stem;
the tubes were charged and four spare torpedoes were visible. Each
pair of tubes was in a horizontal plane. They could carry 10 torpe-
does, but part of the torpedo stowage space was utilized to carry
extra provisions. The torpedoes were short and they said their range
was 2,000 yards. The gims were mounted on the deck, one forward
and one aft. The forward gun looked to be about 4-inch and the
after one about 3-inch— short and light. The muzzles were covered
and water-tight. They had vertical sliding wedge breechblocks, with
a gasket covering cartridge chamber water-tight. They carried a
permanent sight with peephole and cross wires, and on it was a
receptacle evidently to take a sighting telescope. The steel deflec-
tion and elevation scales, cap squares, etc., were considerably rusted.
The guns were permanently mounted on the deck and did not fold
down. A gyro compass with repeaters was installed. The control
seemed to be similar to that of the American submarines. There
were three periscopes, which could be raised or lowered, and the
platform on which the control officer stood moved with the periscope;
one was about 15 feet high above the deck and the others several feet
lower. One of the periscopes led to the compartment forward of the
engine room for the use of the chief engineer and the third was a
periscope for aeroplanes. There was stowage space for three months'
supplies of all kinds. The complement consisted of the captain, the
executive and navigating officer, ordnance officer, engineer, electrical
and radio officer, and crew of 33 men. The officers were in the regu-
lation imiform, new and natty in appearance. The crew wore heavy
blue woolen knit sweaters, coats and trousers of soft, thin black
leather lined with thin cloth, top boots and the r^ular blue flat cap.
They were freshly shaved or with neatly close-trimmed beard or hair,
all presenting a very neat appearance.

All the electrical machinery and appliances were manufactured by
the Siebert Schuman Co., except the small motor generator, taking
current from storage batteries and supplying electric lights which
gave excelleat illumination throughout the boat, and there was no
trace of foul air anywhere.

VISIT OF GERMAN SUBMARINE U-53. 21

The radio sending and receiving apparatus was in a small separate
room on the starboara side. The radio generator was on the port
side in the engine room.

There were two antennae — one consisted of two wires, one on each
side. about three-eighths of an inch in diameter, extending from the
deck at the bow to the deck at the stem and up over supporting
stanchions above the conning tower, with heavy porcelain insulators
about 4 or 5 feet from deck at each end and from each side of the
supporting stanchions. The other was an ordinary three-wire span
suspended between the masts and was about 3 feet high on the star-
board side. These masts were about 25 feet high and mounted out-
board over the whaleback; were tapered, of smooth siuiace, hinged
at the heel, each with a truss built out about 3 feet near the heel for
leverage, to which secured, and from which led through guide sheaves
along the side, a galvanized one-half inch wire rope for raising and
lowering. The masts were hinged to lie along the top of the outer
surface along starboard close to the vertical side plate of the super-
structure. They claimed to have a receiving range of 2,000 miles.

A flush wood deck, about 10 feet wide amidships, extended the
entire length. This was built of sections about 2 inches thick, each
about 30 inches square and secured to the supporting steel framework
by bolts. Each section had several holes about 2^ inches by 4 inches
cut through to allow passage of the water. The sides of the super-
structure framework were inclosed by thin steel plates reaching nearly
to the hull. The inner body of the huU was divided into six water-
tight compartments. They had very little beam and suggested that
a large amoimt of available space was devoted to oil storage.

There were three main hatchways — one from the conning tower to
the central station, one into the forward living space, and the other
into the after living space.

Patent anchors were housed in fitted recesses in the hull just above
the torpedo tubes. Electric motor-driven anchor chain winch out-
side the hull imder the bow superstructure. There was a galvanized-
wire towing hawser about 1 J inches in diameter, shackled to the nose
leading aft along the port side of the huU, stoppered on with a small
wire, to the port side of the conning tower, so that the heaving line
fastened to its end could be hove from the conning tower. They
had a small electric galley with coppers, etc. Small room for the
commanding officer amidships forward of the central; officers^ room
farther forward of same. Two-tier bxmks about 18 inches wide for

•

about half the crew in two other compartments. Hammocks for
about half the crew. Small wash room nicely fitted and a toilet for
the officers and another for the crew. The life buoys had a cork
sphere, about 10 inches in diameter, attached by a long small line.

22 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

The vessel appeared very orderly ajid clean throughout. It was
especiaUy noticeable that no repair work whatever was in progress.
All hands, except officers and men showing visitors through the boat,
were on deck, where the crew were operating a small phonograph.
The engineer officer said that TJ-5S was built that year, 1916.

The captain stated that he would be pleased to have any officer
visit his ship and would show them around. This privilege was taken
advantage of by a number of officers from the destroyer force, and
the aid to the commandant. All the officers who visited the ship
were much impressed by the youthfulness of the personnel, their
perfect physical condition, and their care-free attitude. One or two
observers thought that the captain seemed serious and rather weary,
but all agreed that the other officers and the crew seemed entirely
happy and gave no indication that they considered themselves en-
gaged in any imdertaking involving hazard or responsibility. The
freedom with which the officers and crew conversed with visitors and
their willingness to show all parts of the ship was surprising. They
stated that they were willing to tell all that they knew and to show
all they had, this to officers and civihans alike.

The officers spoke our tongue with careful correctness, though not
fluently, and answered all questions except when asked their names,
which they courteously declined to give. When one officer was asked
by one of the visiting officers whether he spoke EngUsh, he repUed,
''No; I speak American." All hands were very military in deport-
ment, and whenever a man moved on duty he went with a run. As
the boat entered and left the harbor, the crew was lined up on deck,
at attention, facing vessels they passed. Upon leaving, they faced
about and after passing and saluting the destroyer tender Melville,
the officers and crew waved their caps to the last destroyer as they
passed. The TJ--5S got under way at 5.30 p. m. and stood out to sea.
It was learned that a letter to the German Ambassador at Washington
was entrusted to a newspaper representative and by him was posted.

On October 8, 1916, the day after leaving Newport, the IJ--5S
captured and sunk the following vessels off the coast of the United
States, viz:

The British S. S. Stephana, 3,449 tons gross, 2i miles E; by NE.
of Nantucket light Vessel. The StepJiano had American passengers
aboard.

The British S. S. Straihmore, 4,321 tons gross, 2 miles S. by E.
from Nantucket Light Vessel.

The British S. S. West Point, 3,847 tons gross, 46 miles SE. by E.
from Nantucket Light Vessel.

The Dutch S. S. BlommersdijJc, 4,850 tons gross.

The Norwegian S. S. Chr. Knvdsen, 4,224 tons gross.

THE CRUISE OF THE U-151. 23

•

It was thought possible that the TJ-dS was accompaniiBd by one or
two other U-boats, as other U-boats marked TJ-J^S and IJ-€1 were
. reported. It is, however, likely that the report of three submarines
was due to Capt. Rose's having his number ''U-53" painted out
and substituting other numbers. He did this on four separate occa-
sions and finally came into Germany about November 1 xmder the
number ''U-61.''

THE CRUISE OF THE U~151.

The U-151 ^y a converted mercantile submarine of the DeutscTiland
type, conmianded by Kapitan Van Nostitiz imd Janckendorf, sailed
from Kiel on April 14, 1918. Although her route to the American
Atlantic coast is not definitely known, it is probable that she foUbwed
the more or less recognized path later taken by other enemy cruiser
submarines to and from America.' The U-151 was first located
early in May, when the office of Naval Operations, Washington, D. C,
received the following message from Kingston, Jamaica:

U. S. steamer engaged enemy submarine 2 May, 1918, lat. 46** N., long. 28° W.*

The position indicated by this message was a point about 400 miles
north of the Azores.

On May 15, 1918, the British steamer Huv^ess, 4,997 gross tons,
bound for Hampton Koads, reported that she had escaped a torpedo
attack made by an enemy submarine in latitude 34° 28' N., longitude
56° 09' W.*

These reports were considered authentic. All section bases were
ordered to be on the alert, and the following message was broadcasted
by the Navy Department on May 16, 1918:

Most secret. — From information gained by contact with enemy submarine, one may
be encountered anywhere west of 40 degrees west. No lights should be carried,
except as may be necessary to avoid collision and paravanes should be used when
practicable and feasible. Acknowledge, Commander in Chief Atlantic Fleet, Com-
mander Cruiser Force, Commander Patrol Squadron, Flag San Domingo, Governor
Virgin Islands, Commandants 1st to 8th, inclusive, and 15th Naval Districts.
13016.OPNAV.

The first definite information of the activity of the German raider
off the American coast was received by radio on May 19 at 12.14 p. m.
The Atlantic City radio intercepted an S O S from the American
steamship Nyanzaj 6,213 gross tons, advising that she was being
gimned and giving her position as latitude 38° 21' N., longitude 70°

s Tlie Germans classified their submarines in three genwal groups: The XT or ocean-going type, the UB,
or coastal type, and the UC, or mine-laying type. The classification UD was made by the British Ad.
miralty to designate the converted mercantile submarines, the Deutachland type, from others of the U class-

t This in spite of the fact that the crew of the U-161 stated to prisoners that her route had been via the
Danish West Indies, a Mexican port, and then up the Atlantic coast to her field of operations.

* The- identity of this vessel has not been established.

• This position is about 1,000 miles east of Cape Hatteras.

24 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

W., or about 300 miles oflf the Maryland coast. That the submarine
was proceeding westward into the waters of the fourth naval district
was indicated by information received on May 20 from the master of
the J, C, Donnellj who, upon his arrival at Lewes, Del., on that day,
reported that his ship's radio had intercepted a message from the
American steamship Jonancy, 3,289 gross tons, on May 19, saying
that she was being gunned and giving her position as 150 miles east
of Winter Quarter Shoals. On May 21, at 11.15 a. m., the Canadian
steamer Montcalm relayed a message to Cape May radio station from
the British steamship CheneUay 7,082 gross tons, stating that a sub-
marine had been sighted in latitude 37° 50' N., longitude 73° 50' W.,
a point about 80 miles off the Maryland coast. Six shots were fired
at the OreneUa by the submarine, but no hits were registered. At
1 p. m. on the same day the Montcalm reported that the CreneUa had
escaped.

The information that merchant vessels had reported a German
submarine proceeding toward the coast was immediately disseminated
to the section bases, to the forces afloat, and to the commanders of the
coast defenses. In addition to the regular patrols, detachments of
sub-chasers were established and ordered, whenever practicable, to
proceed to the positions given in S O S messages.

Subsequent information indicated that as the submarine approached
the American coast she picked as her prey sailing vessels not likely
to have means of communication by radio, and in attempting further
to conceal her presence in the vicinity took as prisoners the crews <ff
the first three vessels she attacked, the Hattie Dunnj the Ilauppauge^
and the Edna.

On May 26, 1918, the Ednaj an imarmed American schooner of 325
gross tons, owned by C. A. Small, Machias, Me., was found abandoned
near Winter Quarter Shoals Lightship. She was taken in tow by
the Clyde Line steamer MoJiawJc, The schooner's towing bitts carried
away and she was abandoned by the Mohawk; later she was picked
up by the tug Arabian and towed to Philadelphia, arriving May 29.
An investigation made by the aide for information, fourth naval dis-
trict, disclosed the presence of two holes, 20 to 30 inches in diameter,
in the vessel's hold just above the turn of the bilge, evidencing an
external explosion.'* A time fuse was found, the extreme end of
which had been shattered by an explosion. Thus, the naval author-
ities received the first visual evidence of the work of an enemy raider
off the coast.

In interviews with the survivors of the Edna, who had been held
as prisoners aboard the submarine until June 2, it was learned that the
damage to the Edna had been inflicted by the enemy in an attempt
to sink her, and that the vessels, Hattie Dunn and HauppaugCy had

< See the story of Capt. Ollmore, of the Ediia, p. 27.

THE CBUISE OF THE U-151. 25

been sunk earlier on the same day, May 25. At the same time
definite information was gained concerning the identity and military
characteristics of the submersible. Although there were no identify-
ing marks, letters, or numbers on the hull, M. H. Sanders, mate of the
Hauppauge, stated that he saw the letter and figures ''U-151 '' at the
foot of several bunks and on the blankets aboard the submarine;
T. L. Winsborg saw the letter and figures on the hammocks and on
the machine guns; other survivors noticed that tools, furniture, and
equipment were similarly marked. These facts, together with a
comparison of the photograph of the submarine known to have sunk
the first ships, with photographs and silhouettes of submarines
obtained from official sources, proved conclusively that the raider
operating off the American coast was the U-151 of the Deutschland
type. The description of the submarine as given by Capt. Gilmore
of the Edna and Mate Sanders of the schooner Hauppauge, and by
other survivors, was most complete. This description, together with
the information gained from official sources, furnished the basis for
the dissemination, on June 7, to all naval forces of the following data
concerning the U-151 :

Identity, U-151 j DeutscMandtype of converted mercantile submarine, complement;
8 officers and 65 enlisted men; length, 213 feet 3 inches; breadth, 29 feet 2 inches; sur-
face draft, 14 feet 9 inches; displacement (surface), 1,700 tons; displacement (sub-
merged), 2,100 tons; engine, 1,200 H. P. ; speed (surface). Hi knots; speed (submerged),
8 knots; fuel storage, 250 tons, including storage of ballast tank; endurance (surface),
17,000 miles at 6 knots; endurance (submerged), 50 miles at 7 knots; armament, two
6-inch guns, two 22-pounderB, one machine gun, six torpedo tubes — ^four in bow and
two in stem; anmiunition capacity, 400 rounds per each gun; maximum number
torpedoes, 12; many time fuse bombs; equipped to carry and lay 40 mines; a two-
kilowatt wireless set, and a portable set which could be rigged up in a few hours on a
captured merchant vessel to be used as a decoy or as a mother ship. Submarines
"U-converted mercantile type" are especially fitted with submarine cable-cutting
devices.

That the U-151 carried a cable-cutting device is apparently borne
out by the statements of Capt. Sweeney, of the Hauppauge, and of
Capt. Holbrook, of the Hattie Dunn, describing a mysterious device
on the deck of the submarine. Along the center line of the ship's
deck, fore and aft, there were two stanchions about 70 feet apart,
aroimd each of which a coil of 48 tiuns of f -inch wire rope was taken.
On one end of this rope, which was covered only with a coat of heavy
grease, there was an eye splice, and at the other end there was a cable
attached to some instruments and appliances hidden and carried in
sets abreast of and on each side of the conning tower. Capt. Hol-
brook stated that on one occasion when the prisoners were below
deck they noticed that the submarine gave a sudden lurch and listed
on beam end. He was unable to state the cause of the lurch. As
far as he cotdd make out; the submarine was at the time, May 28,

26 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

oflF New York Harbor. It is possible that this lurch may have been
caused by the submarine's grappling with or cutting cables leading
from New York. As a matter of fact, one cable to Europe and one
to Central America were cut 60 miles southeast of Sandy Hook, on
May 28, 1918. This device had disappeared when the prisoners came
on deck on the morning of May 30.

The statements of survivors also furnished details concerning the
procedure and the methods employed by the TJ-161 in her attack
upon vessels. The first sinking by the TJ-161 oS the American
coast occurred when the Hattie DunUj an unarmed American schooner
of 435 gross tons, was attacked off Winter Quarter Shoals at 10.10
a. m. on May 25. Capt. C. E. Holbrook, master of the Hattie Dunn,
tells the following story:

The Hattie Dunn sailed from New York on May 23, 1918, en route for Charleston,
S. C, in ballast. On Saturday, May 25, about 10.10 a. m., when about 15 to 25 miles
off Winter Quarter Lightship, I heard a cannon go off ; I looked and saw a boat, but
thought it was an American. That boat fired once; I started my ship full speed to
the westward. He fired again, and finally came alongside and said:

**Do you want me to kill you?"

I told him I thought his was an American boat. He told me to give hinn the papers,
and get some foodstuff. He then wanted me to get into his small boat, but I was
anxious to get ashore, so I immediately got into one of my own boats and shoved off.
He halted me because he did not want me to get ashore. He then put a man into my
boat so that I would come back to the submarine. An officer and other men from the
German submarine then boarded the schooner and after placing bombs about her
ordered the crew of the Hattie Dunn to row to the submarine, which we did. The
schooner was sent to the bottom by the explosion of the bombs in latitude 37° 24'' N.,
longitude 75° W W. The second ofificer in conmiand aboard the submarine gave me
a receipt for my ship.

There were no casualities. The weather was fine and clear, the sea was calm.

We kept aboard the submarine until the morning of June 2. While we were aboard,
the second officer and others of the submarine crew wrote some letters and gave them
to me to mail. I told them I would not mail the letters if there was anything in them
detrimental to my country. I handed them to the first naval officer I came to.

A few minutes later the TJ-151 made another attack in the same
vicinity, which culminated in the sinking of the Hauppauge, an un-
armed American schooner of 1,446 gross tons, owned and operated by
K. Lawrence Smith, New York. Capt. Sweeney, master of the
Hauppauge, gave the following information:

We left Portland, Me., on Friday, May 17, 1918, en route for Norfolk, Va., in
ballast. The voyage was uneventful until the morning of Saturday, May 25, when at
about 10.15 a. m. we sighted what appeared to be a submarine standing to the west-
ward about 5 miles distant. We immediately heard a shot and the remark was passed
by one of the men that firing was going on somewhere. A few minutes later we heard
another shot and then a third one. We tacked ship and headed in about northwest for
the shore. This brought us broadside to the German submarine, who immediately
fired a shot which landed about 225 feet away. We kept going at a speed of about 4 or 5
knots, and a second shot was fired, which passed through the ship's side about 5 feet
above the water; a third shot passed through the vessel's wake about 75 feet astern.

THE CRUISE OF THE U-151. 27

The Bhots were fired in eequence of about iour or five minutes. We stopped the
schooner in latitude 37° 27^ N., longitude 75° 09^ W. and shortly after the submarine
came close to us. An officer aboard the submarine called to us:

"Leave your ship immediately/*

The submarine then pulled away from the ship, 50 feet or more, and ordered us to
come alongside. We obeyed and went aboard. The commanding officer asked me
for the ship's papers, and when I told him they were on the ship he replied:

"Well, we have to have the papers."

A copy of the receipt for the Haitie Dunn and photostatic copy of
that for the Hauppauge are on file and are practically the same in
effect. The receipt for the Hauppauge reads as follows:

PEOTOKOLL.

Am 25 ten Mai 1918, 11 Uhr 10 Min. Vormittags ist auf 37° 27^ N. und 76° 09^ W.
der amerikanische 4 Mast Schooner Hauppav{fe L T Q H von S. M. Unterseeboot
vemichtel worden.

Aug See, den 25 ten Mai 1918.
Der Kommandant,

V. NOSTITZ,

KorvetienkapitSn.

Then they took me back to the schooner for the papers; they also took three bombs
with them which they placed aboard the Hauppauge. We had just returned to the
submarine when the bombs exploded and the Ejauppauge sank at 11.30 a. m.^

There were no casualties. The weather was fine and clear; the sea was calm.

Upon boarding the submarine we found the crew of the Hattie Dunn sunk a short
while before. We were retained as prisoners imtil the morning of June 2, when we
were placed in boats with the survivors of two sunken vessels — the Isabel Wiley and
Winneconne.

The sea had scarcely closed over the sinking hull of the Hauppauge^
before the submarine cast about for new prey, and early in the after-
noon she made the attack upon the schooner Edna, in latitude 37° 30'
N. and longitude 74° 52' W. In describing the attack on his vessel,
Capt. C. W. Gilmore, master of the Edna, said:

We cleared Philadelphia on the 17th of May and sailed from Delaware Brealrwater
on May 24 en route to Santiago, Cuba, with a cargo of case oil. About half past 1 on
May 25 we heard a gun fired and a little later a shell struck in the water about a half a
mile from us. We had heard firing inshore about an hoiu* or so before. About a
minute after the first shot there came another shot which fell about 50 feet away. I
then ran up the American ensign; he had nm up a German flag. He was standing
about 4 or 5 miles northwest. I hauled down the jibs and hove to. The submarine
then came to\^ard us towing a yawl boat belonging to one of the schooners he had sunk
before; finally he came alongside. Two German oflScers and four men came over the
Edna's railing; they shook hands with us and greeted us just the same as they would
have done men on one of their own naval vessels. They ordered us to lower our boat
and gave us 10 minutes to abandon ship, saying that they were going to blow her up.
They asked me where I was from, where I was bound, and what my cargo consisted
of. The oflScer in charge took me into the cabin and said he wanted me to come below
and that he wanted my papers. When we got below he said to me:

' The Hauppauge was later towed to port and salvaged. The schooner turned over and floated bot-
tom uik*

28 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

"Now, don't get excited; if you want to change your clothes and get everything of
value to you, we are going to be around here an hour."

He took possession of all my official papers^ which I had encased in one envelope.
When I came from below I noticed that they had placed some little black tubes about
10 inches long and one-half inch in diameter, which looked like sticks of dynamite
and which were tied to ropes extended over the side of the vessel abreast of the main
hat-ch.

Twenty niinutes after the German officer and his crew had boarded the schooner,
amd after I had had time to have everything of value placed in the lifeboat, he ordered
us to proceed over to the submarine, and laughingly said:

"You will find some of your friends over there."

Upon being ordered below I found Capt. Sweeney of the Hauppauge and Capt.
Holbrook of the Hattie Dunn, who said they and their crews had just been taken aboard
the submarine.

The explosion of the bombs aboard the Edna occurred at 2 p. m. in latitude 37° SC
N., longitude 74° 52' W. The submarine iinmediately quit the spot, leaving the
Edna in apparently a sinking condition. She did not sink, I understand, but was
towed into Philadelphia.

There were no casualties. The weather was fine and clear; the sea was calm.

Upon the arrival of the crew of the Edna there was a total of 23
prisoners aboard the submarine. The description of what occurred
on the submarme as given by M.H.Saunders, mate of the Hauppauge,
is as foUows:

Shortly after the sinking of the Hauppauge we were ordered below. We then heard
two shotfi fired, but nothing else to indicate that another vessel was being attacked.
The next we knew was when the captain and crew of the schooner Edna appeared
below decks about 2.20 p. m.

'About 2.30 p. m. the submarine started on a course to the eastward, moving at a
speed of about 7 or 8 knots an hoiu'. She remained on the surface until about 4.30
p. m., when a steamer was sighted and the submarine submerged. She remained
submerged for about one hour and a half, moving all the time at about 4 knots an hoiu*.
Coming to the surface about 6 p. m., the submarine maintained a speed about the same
as earlier in the afternoon. At this time all the prisoners were allowed on deck for
about an hoiu'.

During the night the submarine submerged several times but again came to the
surface. On the morning of Simday, May 26, we were again allowed on deck, and it
appeared that the submarine was heading westward, as indicated by the bearing of the
sun. At 11 a. m. a steamer was sighted and the submarine immediately submerged,
allowing the steamer to pass over her. Upon being questioned, the crew said that the
vedsel sighted was a Norwegian steamer boimd inshore. After remaining submerged
about two hoim? the submarine rose again, but the prisoners were not allowed on deck
until later in the afternoon , when they were given liberty for an hour or more. During
the night the submarine spent part of her time running submerged .

Upon coming to the surface on Monday morning. May 27, some of the crew, in refer-
ring to the sub chasers they had seen, asked:

"What are the Uttle kite boats?"

They also emarked that there was a big traffic along the coast, and wanted to know
where the tugs with "boxes" were bound. They were told that these boxes were
barges UFed along the coast. The day'o occurrences were a repetition of Sunday's —
periods of running submerged and running on the surface. Late in the afternoon,
while we were on deck it was quite chilly. I noticed the smell coming from fishing
fields and said:

THE CBUISE OF THE U-151. 29

"Thifl seems like Nantucket here."-

Kohler, a sublieutenant, replied: ,

" You ain't far from there . "

During the night the submarine remained submerged most of the time and appar-
ently was headed back to the westward. On Tuesday, May 28, there was a fog all day
and the U-boat ran on the top of the water at about her usual speed, blowing her
whistle all the time.^

On Tuesday evening at 8 o'clock a light was sighted and the submarine went down
all night. That evening the conunanding officer said he thought he would put us
ashore next morning.

On Wednesday, May 29, the submarine came to the surface and we were allowed
on deck, but were not permitted to approach the apparatus that resembled a cable-
cutting device. At 2.30 p. m. we sighted another steamer and immediately sub-
mei^ed, allowing the vessel — ^they said it was a Norwegian steamer, inbound — ^to
pass over us.

When we came on deck the following morning, the coils of wire had disappeared.
During the day they had torpedoes up, overhaxiling them and trying the pins, wheels,
and other machinery of the torpedoes. They even had the crew of the Hauppauge
to help get the torpedoes up and to put them back below again. Thursday night was
rough and foggy; the submarine *Btayed below all night.

The next morning, May 31 , the submarine came up, but the day was foggy. Another
inbound Norwegian steamer was sighted and the submarine submerged as usual. In
the afternoon the submarine rose to the surface again; the prisoners were kept below
deck. At this time the commanding officer remarked:

**If I run across a small vessel, I will sacrifice it to put you on board it."

During the afternoon the submarine was on the surface from time to time, but every
time she sighted anything she would submerge. At one time a steamer came so close
to us that the vibration of the propellers could be heard distinctly.

On Saturday, June 1, the submarine cruised all day, watching for a suitable vessel;
during the evening several ships were sighted but no attacks were made

It was on this day that the United States battleships Ohio, New
Hampshire, and Louisiana reported the sighting of a submarine.
The three vessels had been at target practice off Hampton Eoads
and had reassembled previous to returning to their base when the
periscope of a submarine appeared. The war diary of the New
Hampshire gives the following in regard to the encoimter:

All ships being stopped, this ship forced ahead and around bow of the leading ship
(Louisiana). At this moment, 11.10 a. m., Ohio signaled submarine alarm, and all
ships went ahead at full speed, separated, and acted in accordance with doctrine.
The commanding officer and a number of others sighted a periscope showing twice,
bearing to the northward and westward and apparently standing toward this ship
and between ikmrnariaand Ohio. A few moments later numerous observers, includ-
ing the commanding officer, sighted a torpedo wake coming down from the northward
and eastward across the bow of the Louisiana and toward the port quarter of this ship.
A few moments later a niunber of observers saw a periscope to the southward and
eastward of this ship and a torpedo wake crossing the stern of this ship. All ships
proceeded independently to westward at full speed. Ohio having dropped target,
making rapid and radical changes of course as prescribed, the New Hampshire and
Ohio firing upon all suspicious objects.

'On this date the Cape Miay radio station received a message from tbe American steamer Adelheid
reporting that she had sighted a submarine in latitude 36** 45' N. and longitude 73* 38^ W.

30 GEBMAN SUBMARINE •ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST,

This report is supported by the way diary of the Ohio:

A. disturbance in the water, bearing from this ship 270°, distant about 1,200 yards,
was observed, and on careful examination it appeared to be a wake of a submarine.
Three observers, two of them officers, reported positively that they observed a peri-
scope in this wake. The signals indicating submarine were made to ships present,
the target was cut adrift, fj-e was opened with torpedo battery, and maximum speed
was obtained as, soon as possible. The ship was gradually brought around to a head-
ing toward Buoy 2CB, distant about 12 miles, and we returned to port zigzagging.
In all twenty-one 6-inch service projectiles were fired . Firing was heard from the New
Hampshire and possibly from one other vessel. The low visibility prevented an accu-
rate determination of this point. The tug was directed to pick up the target. Two
submarine chasers investigated the locality about where the Ohio^s first 6-inGh pro-
jectiles fell, which was near the locality in which the wake appeared. After con-
sidering these facts, the commander in chief was informed by radio of the occurrence.

In speaking of life and conditions aboard the submarine, Saunders
said:

The food was good. In the morning we had rolls and fresh butter. The butter was
fine. The bread was black and came in loaves about 3 feet long. We had cognac
nearly all the time.

They had three graphophones on board. The members of the crew were cheerful
and joked with us, especially after indulging in cognac. They were apparently
young fellows and frequently talked of their mothers. The crew expressed great
surprise when Capt. Sweeney told them we had shipped 2,000,000 men overseas and
had 10,000,000 more as reserves.

None of the Germans would give us any information as to the nimiber of submarines
over here. We were told that the U-151 left Kiel on April 14, 1918 ; the bread wrappers
bore the stamp of April 9. The commanding officer said he expected to remain out
about eight weeks.
At 5.30 a. m., June 2,** word was passed to prisoners by an officer, who said:
"Get ready, there's a sailing vessel alongside we are going to put you aboard of. "
All the 21 men were ordered upon deck. A little later the schooner Isabel B. WUey
and the steamship Winneconne were sighted. Instead of putting us aboard either of
those vessels, they sank them and transferred us to the four boats — one froiji the
Wiley and three from the Winnec<mne — ^with the survivors. *°

In describing the incidents in connection with the sinking of the

Isabel B, Wiley, an unarmed American schooner of 776 gross tons

owned by the Atlas Shipping Corporation, which occurred oflF the

Jersey coast, Capt. Thorn I. Thomassen, master, stated the following

facts:

We sailed from Princess Bay anchorage at 3 o'clock p. m. on June 1, passed out by
Sandy Hook at 4 p. m. en route for Newport News, Va, to load coal for Montevideo.

' The tug Amon M. Bangs sent an alio from 1 mile east of Five Fathom Bank light at 10.30 a. m. on this
date. The presence of the U-161 in that place at that time is impossible, but it is not unlikely that an
American submarine was sighted.

v* The U-161 planted a number of mines on the American coast. Actual dates and exact locations must
remain somewhat uncertain, in spite of the fact that the German charts dehvered to the American naval
authorities after the signing of the armistice show the general location of the mine fields. However, since
it is certain that no enemy submarine other than the XJ-161 visited the American coast until July, 1918,
the sinking of the Herbert L. Pratt and the numerous sightings of mines reported during the month of June
may be ascribed to the activities ol the 161. Moreover, the date of the mining ol the Prott, June 3. 1918,
proves that at east a part o\ these operations were compieied lelore the survivors ot the HattU Dunn, the
Hauppaugt, and the Edna were released Irom capitivity.

THE CRUISE OF THE U-151. 31

At 7.50 a. m., June 2, I came on deck and noticed off the port quarter a suspicious-
looking object about 1,200 yards away. The craft was heading toward my ship, and
as it approached I noticed it had two flags and a small German naval ensign. When
about 1,000 yards off the submarine fired a shot and the shot fell about 100 yards off the
vessel. I then went below aad got an American ensign, came on deck, and hoisted it.
Then I hove my vessel to and hauled down the jibs. The weather was hazy and the
eea calm. As the submarine approached us, another ship appeared ahead of us and
the submarine fired a shot at her.

In the meantime I ordered the steward to get some provisions to put in the lifeboat
and directed the engineer to get some oil and gas for the engine. Without waiting
orders from the German commander the entire crew got into the lifeboat and we pulled
off about 100 yards, waiting for the submaiine to return from the steamship Winne'
conne. The Winneconne was stopped and the crew got into three boats; the submarine
then came toward us and ordered my lifeboat alongside. 1 asked him what he wanted,
and he said that he desired to put some men in my lifeboat whom he had on the
submarine. He put 11 men from the submaiine on my boat; that made 19 men on
board my lifeboat. He ordered the boats from the Winneconne to come alongside
and distributed 12 men from the submarine on the three lifeboats. All four lifeboats*-
one from my vessel and three from the Winneconne — were told to shove off.

The submarine commander launched a boat from the submarine and sent three or
four men with bombs to the S. S. Winneconne. Shortly after these men retiuned to
the submarine, and after they arrived the bombs on the Winneconne exploded.
In the meantime the Wiley had drifted some distance away. The submarine then
headed toward the Wiley. When they got near the Wiley they put a small boat over-
board with some men in her. They went aboard and hauled down the American
ensign.

We observed in the meantime several trips between the Wiley and the submarine
by the sailors in the small boat from the submarine; apparently they were taking
provisions from the Wiley.

Before shoving off from the submarine I informed the captain that I did not have
sufficient water to take care of the extra men, and he gave me a large keg of water.

I did not see the WHey blown up, but about one hour afterwards I heard three dis-
tinct explosions. When bombed the Wiley was in 39° lO' north latitude and 73°
7^ west longitude.

I coDsulted with those in the other three lifeboats and concluded that, as 1 had the
only power lifeboat, it would be best for me to make for shore as soon as possible, with
a view of hailing some ship and have them advise the location of the other three life-
boats and to send them help. I instructed the other three lifeboats to remaiu where
they were. At 5.30 my boat sighted the Ward Line steamer Mexico. They picked us
up and sent a wireless to Washington that three lifeboats, holding 50 men, were in the
position 1 indicated. At abeut 7.30 Monday morning, the S. S. Mexico j which was
heading south, stopped the Santiago bound north, and all who were in my lifeboat
were transferred to the S. S. Santiago and taken to New York, where we arrived Tues-
day, June 4, at 12 o'clock.

Capt. Waldemar Knudseii; master of the Winneconne^ described
how his vessel, an xinarmed American steamship of 1,869 gross tons,
owned by the American Trans-Atlantic Co., was smik after appearing
upon the scene while the submarine was overhauling the Isabel B.
Wiley:

We cleared Newport News, Va., on Saturday, Jvme 1, en route to Providence with a
cargo of 1,819 tons of coal. 1 came on the bridge at 7.30 a. m. Sunday and heard that
the third mate and chief officer had seen a schooner and a dark object which they

32 GEBMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLA^STTIC COAST.

thought was an American patrol boat lying alongside the schooner. At 8.10 a shot
was fired and we tried to make tor shore. At 8. 12 they fired another shot and a shell
burst about 200 or 300 yards ahead; the Winneconne hoved to in latitude 39° 26' N.,
longitude 72° 50' W. The submarine came closer ready for action and then launched
a small boat. An officer and two men came on board and gave orders to leave the ship
immediately, as they were going to sink her. J asked him how long they were going to
give us, and he said he would give us one-half an hour. He asked me where the
chronometer was, and 1 told him it was my private property, and he said I could take
it. He took the ship's log, ship's register, and ship's papers. We launched the two
boats and the crew got in. The chief mate and 1 were still on board and were under
the impression that we were to go aboard the schooner, but he told us to launch the
small boat and go alongside the submarine, which we did. He placed four bombs on
our ship, one on the fore deck, one on the aft deck, one in No. I hatch, ana one in No. 3
hatch.

I asked him what was the reason he came over and sank our vessel, and he said he
was sorry to do it, but war was war and that England was to blame. He said that he
had been in that game for four years and had been over here 10 days and this was the
first steamer he had sunk, but he had sunk three or four schooners.

When he went off to the submarine we went alongside and some sailors from blown-
up schooners came off the submarine into our boat£f. I asked the officer to give us a
tov^and hesaid:

"What do think this is, a passenger boat?"

About 15 minutes after we left the ship we heard three explosions, and the ship sank
about 9.12.

Then we pulled for dear life to the westward. We were rowing all day and all night
until 7.40 in the morning, when we were picked up by the S. S. San Sabn, about 25
miles southeast of Barnegat.

The submarine was about 230 feet long and 30 or 40 feet wide. She was armed with
two 6-inch guns, one forward and one aft. I saw the figures on the stem, which we^

covered with rust and paint which read, "151 ."

•

The chief officer, H. Wasch, of the S. S. Winneconne, gave the
following . information concerning certain incidents that occurred
while the German officer was on board:

When the submarine officer boarded the bridge, the captain, the third mate, and
myself were on the bridge, and the German officer said:

"Good morning, fine weather to-day. You men take to your boats j you had better
get your boats ready."

The captain asked, "What are you going to do?"

"Well," replied the officer, " I got to sink you. War is war, and I can not help it.''

We got the boats ready, and the officer ordered me to the wheel, and said "Star-
board " to me. He then looked on the wheel teller and asked: "Is this ship set for
starboard?"

"Yes," I replied. He said "All right, " and gave half speed ahead for about two or
three minutes or so; stopped again, then slow speed for a little while; then he signaled
to his own conmiander and ordered the engines of my ship reversed , then he stopped
the ship for good. We lowered the boats; the crew took two lifeboats, the captain and
I took the other. Finally he said:

"Hurry now. I can not wait any longer. I gave you enough time."

So we left the ship and proceeded to the submarine. All the prisoners on the sub-
marine boarded our boats and then we left the submarine.

About 11.30 we heard two shots fired; about 12.30 we heard two shots again, at
intervals of 5 to 8 seconds; about 4 o'clock eight shots were fixed at intervals of 15

J

THE CRUISE OF THE U-161. 33

seconds; at 7 o'clock five shots were heard; at 7.12 two shots were fired; at 7 16 wo
shots were heard.
At 7.40 the next momio^ we were picked up by the S. S. San Saba.

The first shots heard by the survivors of the Winnecorme were
those fired across the bows of the Jacob M. Haskell, an i^narmed
American schooner of 1,778 gross tons. Capt. W. H. Davis, master
of the Jacob M. Ha^TceU, made the following statement concerning
the destruction of his vessel:

On Sunday, June 2, about noon, in a cahn sea, the schooner Jacob M. Haskell^
with a cargo of coal, proceeding under sail from Norfolk, Va., to Boston, Mass., at
about 3 miles an hour, and about 50 miles east by south of Bamegat Light, was fired
upon by having a solid shot sent across her bows. A few minutes later a second shot
was fired across the ship's bows and the approaching submarine displayed the inter-
national signal '^Abandon Ship." We made arrangements to abandon, and dropping
the boats into the water prepared to take the crew off. While we were doing this, a
rowboat containing one officer and six heavily armed seamen rowed alongside. The
men came aboard the schooner and the officer demanded the ship's papers, log book,
and crew list, which were delivered. The captain then directed men to hurry and
get the crew off. During this time, the bombing party had placed four bombs over
the ship's side — ^two forward, one on each side, and two aft, one on either side. The
bombs were about 6 inches in diameter and 14 inches in length. They were himg
so that the bombs themselves rested about 2 feet under the surface of the water and
alongside of the schooner's hull. The men went about their work in a business-like
manner; the officer was so polite that he almost got on our nerves. Each seaman was
armed with two automatic revolvers and a long vicious-looking knife.

According to Gustave Nelson, a seaman aboard the Ja^^ob M.
Ha^lceUy after the officer had posted his men they stood grinning
while he demanded the ship's papers. The oflScer then hatded down
the American flag and wrapped it in paper. Just before the ship
was abandoned, the cook remarked:

"You had better take the food we have on board before you sink the ship."

The officer snapped back: "We don't want your food; we have plenty food of our

own. We don't want your lives either; we want your ahips. Now get away from

here; you have three minutes before the ship goes down."
Upon leaving the ship,

the statement of Capt. Davis continues,

we were allowed to take our valuables, the chronometer, the sextant, and some sailing
charts. As we were shoving off, an oflicer on the deck of the iubmarine hailed us
and demanded the ship's papers. When told that the papers had been turned over to
the boarding officer, and he ordered us to proceed on our way. A few minutes later the
Haskell was blown up and disappeared with all sails set. As we were starting on our
way, the boarding officer called out:
" Good luck. The New Jersey coast is just 40 miles away. Better go there."
The submarine proceeded slowly on her way almost due east. Later we heard
firing coming from the general direction in which the submarine had proceeded.
We were finally picked up by the Ame vican coastwise steamer Grecian,

After moving eastward for a short time the U-lSl changed her
course to the southwest and bore down upon and subsequently sank

181062**— 20 3

34 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

the Edward H. Cole, an unarmed American schooner of 1,791 gross
tons, owned by Edward H. Cole Co., Boston. The following account
summarizes the statement of H. G. Newcombe, master of the schooner,
concerning the sinking of his vessel:

We sailed from Norfolk, Va., on May 30, for Portland, Me., with a cargo of 2,516
tons of coal. I might not have been on the regular steamship course, as I had to follow
God's good winds. At 8.10 in the afternoon of June 2, when about 50 miles southeast
of Bamegat Light, we sighted a boat on the starboard bow about 2,000 yards away.
She circled around and came aft on the port quarter. When she came pretty cloqe
I put the glasses on her and saw it was a German flag she was flying. She came up
then about 150 feet off us and told us to clear away the boats, as they were going
to sink us, which we did. An officer and some of the men lowered a boat from the
submarine and came on board and demanded the ship's papers and took them, and
while in the cabin he told me we had seven and one-half minutes to clear His men
had already placed bombs on the ship, two on each side, and I believe there were
others. He told me to get some clothes and supplies, but we were too busy getting
the boats cleared to do it; we had no water or compass in the boat. I went down into
the cabin and got a few papers, licenses, barometer, etc. , and showed them to the officer
and afiked if it was all right. He said, " Sure, go ahead." We got into the boat and
pulled away, and about 16 minutes after we left, the ship sank.

About an hour after this we were about 4 miles away from the submarine, which
had not moved, when the steamer hove in sight. The submarine opened fire, firing
five shots. The steamer turned around and headed in the opposite way and stopped.
About 15 minutes later we heard an explosion, such as we beard on the Cole, I sup-
pose they did the same thing to that as they did to ours.

Then we rowed away, hearing several reports later from this submarine. We were
picked up by the American st^eamship Bristol about 8 p. m. While we were boarding
the Bristol we heard this submarine still firing off to the south, T judge about 12 miles
distant.

A few minutes after we got on board, another submarine appeared under the BristoVs
starboard quarter about 500 yards away. I did not Hee much of the submarine and
did not pay much attention to it. We saw much driftwood. We arrived in New
York at 5.37 a. m., Jime 3.

The steamer that the survivors of the Edward E, Cole saw attacked
by the submarine just after their own vessel had been sunk, was the
Texel, an unarmed American steamship of 3,210 gross tons, owned
and operated by the United Shipping States Board. In telling how
his vessel was attacked by gunfire and sunk by bombs, Capt. K. B.
Lowry, gave the following information:

We sailed from Ponce, P. R., on May 27 en route to New York with a cargo of sugar.

On Sunday June 2, at 4.21 p. m., the first intimation we had of submarines oper-
ating in the vicinity was when a solid shot was fired, passing over the vessel forward
of the funnel and ricochetting about 200 yards to port. I immediately went up to
navigating bridge and proceeded to maneuver the vessel in a manner to elude the
enemy as prescribed by the United States Navy Depaitment. At this time
the vessel was in latitude 38° 58' N., longitude 73° 13' W. The submarine was
directly on the starboard beam; I immediately ordered the helm hard starboard, as
to bring the aggressor directly over the stem. When the vessel had assumed this
position I steadied and ordered all possible speed. The vessel at the time of the
attack was running a,t her maximum speed. A second shot was fired when the vessel
had assumed her new position. This shell was of the shrapnel variety and exploded

THE CRUISE OF THE U--151.. 35

on the water to the starboard of the vessel. The first and second shots were fired at
a range of approximately 2,000 yards. After the second shot I discovered another
submarine directly ahead who was coming to the surface with his conning tower
clear; a hatch opened and an oflicer stepped out.

After I stopped he submerged and disappeared. He was afloat about 10 or 15
minutes. He tried to intercept me after I changed my course. As far as I could
see, it was the same kind of conning tower and had three periscopes.

In this predicament with one submarine astern who had my range to a degree of
disconcerting nicety and another ahead at a distance of about 1,500 j^ards, further
attempt to escape or to disconcert the enemy seemed not only useless but an act un-
necessarily exposing the crew to injury or loss of life. At this time I stopped the en-
gines and hove to; soon after this the submarine that had fired the previous shots
opened fire again, firing two shots in quick succeesion, the first hitting the working
boat on the starboard side under the bridge, carrying it away and shattering the
starboard wing of the upper bridge; the next shot passed over the bridge at a height
of about 10 feet and struck the water about 100 yards forward of the bow and
exploded.

During this time the first firing submarine drew steadily nearer, encircling the
vessel t\\ice, and shaping a coiuse so as to come up under oiu* stern; he arrived along-
side at 4.46 p. m. An officer boarded the vessel with three seamen and an under-
lieul-enant. He asked me for any and all papers that the vessel might have. I told
him that being in the coastwise trade that we carried no Navy Instructions or codes,
and that in view of the fact that the vessel had been formerly of Dutch nationality
we carried no register — the Navy Instructions had been thrown overboard previous
to this time. After leaving the ship all the vessel's papers were in my boat in charge
of the second officer. I destroyed the register, manifest, and articles as he headed
toward our boat, rather than let them fall into his hands.

After I had concluded ihy business with the German, I watched (with the permission
of the lieutenant) the placing of the bombs. Lieut. Kohler said: "I know how to do
this, I have been in the business four years."

I asked him where his home was and he replied:

"My home is in Germany, that's all I can tell you."

Three bombs were set at the base of each mast; bombs were also set in the engine
and fireroom, but as to the numbers I can not say. When all the bombs were set, tlie
lieutenant ordered me to leave as they would explode in 10 minutes. As he pro-
ceeded to leave, 1 did as ordered.

The submarine, the one that sank the vessel, came to within 20 feet of the ship.
I had a good chance to see the conmianding officer. He was about 5 feet 8 inches;
probably weighed about 200 pounds, stocky build; he had light hair, wore a mustache
and Van Dyke beard; he was about 40 years of age and wore a Navy uniform with
long overcoat. His rank was indicated by two gold stripes on his sleeve, slightly
above his wrist. He spoke English.

One of our boats was jammed between the submarine and the ship, and the captain
of the submarine, shouted down:

"You dunder.head, why don't you get out of there? I'll break your boat up!"

I asked Kohler, "What are you going to do when we get in the boats? Are you going
to shell us? "

"We don't bother you at all;" replied Kohler. "Get away."

My boat left the ship at 5.10 p. m. and the explosion took place at 5.18 p. m. After
the explosion the vessel settled rapidly by the stem and listed to the starboard, sinking
at 5.21 p.m.

As soon as she was out of sight we shaped our course for Absecon and pulled away.
The submarine set his course about true ESE. and disappeared in the haze running on
the surface. At 6.20 p. m. we again heard four shots, which probably signified that he

36 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

had encountered another victini, and again, at 7.20 p. m., a repetition of the shooting
was heard from this time until we reached the coast. We saw no vessel. We reached
Absecon Light and beached our boats at Atlantic City on June 3, where we were met
by the Coast Guards of Station 123, and arrangements were made for accommodations
for the night. All the crew of 36 men were saved.

The reported sighting of a second submarine, oflf the bow of the
Texd, was the first indication that possibly two enemy raiders were
present in American waters and were acting in company. The
belief was materially heightened for the time by the report of Capt.
Walter M. Hart of the American steamship Bristol^ in which he told
how he picked up the survivors of the Edward H. Cole and later
sighted a submarine on the afternoon of June 2:

The Bristol left Boston on June 1, en route to Norfolk, Va., in ballast. On June 2,
about 8 p. m. we sighted a lifeboat with 11 men, crew of American schooner Edward E.
Cole, schooner having been sunk by submarine at 3.30 p. m. about 50 miles southeast
of Bamegat Light. The crew of the Edward H, Cole was picked up.

At about 8.20 p. m., when about 38 miles southeast of Barnegat Buoy, bearing 120°
true, we sighted a submarine about 5,000 yards off the starboard quarter, heading
directly toward the ship. By traveling at maximum speed of 12 knots, we managed to
outdistance him and arrived at New York at 5.37 a. m., June 3.

The submarine appeared to be about 200 feet long and to be armed with two rifles,
which appeared to be either 5 or 6 inch.

Taking into consideration the possible mission of the enemy sub-
marine campaign in American waters, the Navy Department at this
time expressed its views as follows:

From the character of these enemy operations, the enemy's mission is estimated to be
primarily political, with the object of causing us to inaugurate such an offensive cam-
paign as to prevent us placing our naval forces where they will operate to best military
advantage. If this estimate of the enemy's primary mission is correct, it is reasonable
to expect the enemy submarines to shift their base of operations frequently, both to
gain added victims and also to create the impression that more submarines are on this
coast than are really here.

Later developments failed to disclose the presence of more than
one submarine operating off the coast at this time, and proved
beyond a reasonable doubt that the V-161 continued to operate
alone.

The firing heard about 6 p. m. by survivors of vessels sunk earlier
in the day was that employed by the U-151 in attacking the Caro-
lina, an unarmed American steamship of 5,093 gross tons owned
and operated by the New York & Porto Rico Steamship Co. The fol-
lowing facts concerning the sinking of the Carolina were given by
Capt. Barber, master of the vessel:

We left San Juan, P. R., May 29 at 5 p. m., en route to New York with 218 passen-
gers, a crew of 117, and a cargo of sugar.

About 5.55 p. m., Sunday night, ship's time, I got the wireless SOS saying the
Isabel B. Wiley had been attacked by a submarine and giving her position 39® lO' N.,
73° 07^ W. I immediately ordered all lights closed down on my ship; I ordered the

THE CRUISE OF THE U-151. 37

chief engineer to open her up all he possibly could and steered due west by the com-
pass. My position at 6 o'clock by dead reckoning was 38** 57^ N., 73° 06^ W., so that
I figured that I was about 13 miles south of where the Isabel B. Wiley was.

I just got my vessel steadied on the new course and scanned the hgrizon to find
the submarine, when I saw the conning tower and two guns on my starboard quarter
distant 2 miles. Although the weather was quite hazy at the time, I could make out
the outline plainly. She seemed to be rising in the water.

Shortly after, about 6 p. m., she fired, the shell falling astern of my ship about 100
yards. The second shot went overhead and landed straight ahead about one-half
ship's length, the third shot landing quite close to amidships on the starboard side.

I had already ordered the chief wireless operator to send out a wireless SOS
that we were being attacked by gunfire from a German submarine. After the second
shot I stopped my ship, ported my helm, and brought -her broadside onto the sub-
marine. I hoisted the signals "I am all stopped," and the American ensign.

Bealizing the uselessness of trying to escape, not having the necessary speed, I at
the time gave the* wireless operator orders to send the foregoing dead reckoning posi-
tion broadcast, but thinking that if I sent it out he would possibly shell the ship, and
having many women and children aboard the ship, I recalled the order. Later the
chief wireless operator informed me that the submarine had wirelessed under low
power the message: "If you don't use wireless I won't shoot." Our ceasing to use
the wireless, I presume, was the reason for his stopping firing.

After the third shot was fired, the submarine bore down on my starboard bow and
when he got nearer I saw he was flying the signal "A. B.," abandon ship as quickly
as possible. I had already ordered a boat full out and now I ordered all hands to
leave the ship. The women and children were put into the boats first and the men
entered after the boats were lowered. After I had seen everyone off the ship into the
boats, and after I had destroyed all the secret and confidential papers, I, myseli, got
into the chief oflScer's boat, this being the only boat left alongside. Upon clearing
the ship's side, about 6.30 p. m., I was ordered by the submarine commander, both in
English and by signals with the hand, to make for shore.

I collected all the boats near me and moored them head and stem one to the other.
Being eventually joined by all the boats except the motor lifeboat and lifeboat No.
5, we pulled to the westward and out of the line of gunfire as much as we possibly
could.

When the boats were clear, the submarine then ranged alongside the ship on the
port side at what seemed a short distance off and at 7.15 fired one shell into No. 2
hold, lower port, as near as I could judge. She then fired another shell into the
wireless room and another into the vicinity of my own room behind the pilot house.
The submarine proceeded around the ship's bow and seemed to watch her sink from
there. The Germans did not board the steamer as far as I could see.

The ship remained steady about 20 minutes then listed to port, gradually sinking
on her port side, and finally sank at 7.55 p. m. with the ensign and signals flying.
Great clouds of fire and steam arose as she went down.

By this time I had eight made fast in line. The boat I was in was in the lead; I
steered a course to the best of my ability somewhere near west. During the night I
heard other firing and presumed that the subnmrine was attacking some other ship.

We had light and variable airs and fairly smooth seas until about 12 a. m. when we
encountered a heavy rain and lightning. I ordered the boats to put heads to seas, riding
to sea, anchored until the squalls passed. Then we resumed our voyage to the west-
wardy attached in the same manner as before. We kept this formation until daylight
when I ordered the boats cut adrift to make rowing easier.

At 11 a. m. June 3, I sighted a schooner standing to the northward and sent the
second oflScer's boat to intercept her. We saw her haul down her jibs and heave to.
I ordered all the boats to proceed to the schooner, which proved to be the Eva B.

38 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

Douglas. Capt. G. Launo, master of the schooner, and his wife and daughter received
us with fine courtesy and placed all their supplies and stores at our disposal.

After struggling with light and variable winds, the schooner finally anchored off
Bamegat Inlet, about 11 a. m., Tuesday, June 3. I sent my chief officer ashore with
a message to the owners of my vessel telling them where we were and requiring assist-
ance. In the meantime the U. S. iS". P. 507 appeared from the south and her captain,
Ensign J. A. Fasset, U. S. N. R. F. offered his services to help out in any way we
saw fit. S. P. 507 stood by and towed us to New York, arriving at 4 a. m., June 4.

There were about 160 passengers, as near as I could judge, and 94 of the crew on board
the Eva B. Douglas.

Other survivors from the Carolina were accounted for on June 4.
The first naval district reported that 19 people had been picked up
and brought to Vineyard Haven; at 1.45 p. m., lifeboat No. 5 eon-
taining 5 women and 25 men, landed through the surf at Atlantic
City, N. J., and the same day, the British steamship Appleby picked
up 18 survivors at sea and carried them to Lewes, Del.

All the men and women aboard the Carolina, however, did not
reach safety. The first loss of life charged to enemy submarine
activity off the American Atlantic coast was recorded when one of
the lifeboats containing 8 passengers and 5 members of the crew of
the Carolina was capsized about 12.15 a. m., June 3, while attempting
to weather the rough seas that arose during the night. At 4 p. m.
the same day, when about 60 miles east of Cape May, N. J., the
Danish steamship Bryssel picked up a lone motor dory swamped and
abandoned, belonging to the S. S. Carolina, which told the mute
story of how its occupants had perished."

.When the day of June 2 was done, the U-151 had registered nine
successful attacks upon unarmed vessels within 75 miles of the coast and
before the dawn of June 3, had been charged with the loss of 13 lives.

It thus became apparent that the enemy raider was intent upon
wreaking her harvest, if possible, from the unarmed and unpro-
tected vessels in close proximity to the coast. In anticipation of
this fact. Admiral W. S. Benson, the chief of Naval operations, on
February 6, 1918, had appointed a special Planning Board to study
the situation and to formulate a plan for the defense of the coast
and the control and protection of merchant shipping. The plan
prepared by the board was approved March 6, 1918. (See Appendix,
page 143.)

Following the approval of this plan the department forwarded on
March 28, 1918, to the commandants of Atlantic coast naval districts
a general plan for coastwise shipping, and directed commandants to pre-
pare detailed recommendations for each district. (See Appendix, page
152.) This general plan placed the control of coastwise shipping in the
hands of the district commandants, and in order to avoid misunder-
standings as to jurisdiction, district boundaries were extended to

>i Nine passengers and four of the crew of the Carolina were lost; two were women, one a passenger, and
the other the stewardess of the ship.

THE CRUISE OF THE U-151. 39

seaward and sharply defined and the location of the office having juris-
diction over each area was given.

This was followed on May 4 by a circular letter to all shipowners
and masters containing the general plan itself and giving instructions
as to the procedure to be followed in case it became necessary for the
Navy to assume control of shipping. (See Appendix, page 153.) A
letter was also sent on May 8 to commandants informing them that
upon the receipt of the dispatch "Assume control of coastwise ship-
ping/' they were immediately to put into effect the ge'neral plans
previously prepared. They were further instructed that prior to the
receipt of this dispatch they should assure themselves that all the
routing preliminaries and requirements of coastwise shipping and the
military and commercial requirements on shore were fully developed
and well understood by the various parties interested. (See Appen-
dix, page 155.)

On May 12, 1918, another letter was issued to commandants
advising that war warnings for coastwise shipping would be sent out
only from the office of Naval Operations upon receipt of information
from the naval districts and other sources.

On the morning of June 3, therefore, the office of Naval Operations
sent the fpUowing dispatch to district commandants:

Assume control of coastwise shipping and handle traffic in accordance therewith.

A little later in the morning of Jime 3 Naval Operations sent out
the following message :

Unmistakable evidence enemy submarine immediately off coast between Cape
Hatteras and Block Island. Vessels not properly convoyed advised to make port
until further directed.

On the same day, June 3, a Coastwise Kouting Office was organized
at Washington, D. C, and became a part of the office of Naval
Operations.

Thereafter, Navy control of coastwise shipping became an actual

fact, and through the Routing Office the work of protecting shipping

^ became centralized and proceeded along the following general plan:

1. In all cases the control of shipping within a district will be in the hands of the
district commandant. In order that the proper coordination may be obtained along
the whole coast, this control will follow a general doctrine, and the commandant of
each district will be informed of the control of those districts adjacent to his own.

2. The best practice is to have coastwise shipping to proceed by day hugging the
shore and keeping within the 5-fathom curve or as near it as practicable. Also,
since it is the policy of the Shipping Committee charged with such work, to allocate

. the smaUest and least valuable ships to the coasting trade, it, as a matter of expediency,
should be the policy to protect such shipping by means within the districts through
which coastwise shipping passes.

3. When it is found expedient to route coastwise shipping by ^ night, it should
proceed independently, being routed with due regard to the war warnings received
concerning the location of enemy submarines.

40 GEBMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

General instructions were also laid down to cover the routing of
shipping within the districts and of coastwise shipping passing
through the district.

In the case of providing escorts for convoys passing through
successive districts, the commandant of the district in which the
convoy was made up routed it and provided an escort for it through
his district and arranged with the adjacent district for relief of the
escort upon the convoy's arrival within the latter's jurisdiction,
and each successive district in turn arranged for the relief of its
escort. Thus, convoys proceeding south in the third naval district
were escorted by vessels of that district to the vicinity of Bamegat
Light, where the escorting craft were relieved by vessels of the
fourth naval district, which acted as escort to the convoy until
reaching the vicinity of Winter Quarter Shoals, where in turn the
escort duty was assumed by craft attached to the fifth naval district,
and so on along the coast.

This same practice prevailed in the case of northbound convoys.
All arrangements were made through the Communication Service,
the details of the convoy, the facts relating to the rendezvous, and
other matters of a confidential nature being transmitted in code.

Routing oflGlces were established later in every Atlantic port
wherein coastwise shipping was likely to originate, at Halifax, in
West Indian ports, and on the station ship at Tampico, Mexico.
These ojBSices were controlled from the District Routing Office at the
district headquarters. They were kept well supphed with the latest
information as to routes to be issued, and dangers to be avoided.
Masters of coastwise vessels were required to call at these offices
before leaving port and to receive written instructions which were
carefully explained to them. These instructions specified the routes
to be followed, and areas to be avoided; they also included latest
war warnings, war-^v-arning schedules, and the location of the speak-
ing stations with the signals that would be displayed at each. Mas-
ters were instructed to turn in their routing instructions at the port of
arrival and submit to the routing officer a report of delays at speaking
stations.

In order that no vessel should leave port without proper instruc-
tions, guard ships at harbor entrances were required to turn back
any ship not possessing them.

It soon developed that masters were willing to report to routing
officers for instructions and httle difficulty was encountered in
securing their comphance with this requirement.

If vessels after leaving port failed to foUow their instructions, it
was found that a report of the fact to the owners resulted in orders
being issued t® masters to comply strictly with instructions received
from the Navy.

THE CRUISE OF THE U-151. 41

Routing oiBGLcers in each port were able to communicate with the
shipping interests through the customs officials, the Maritime
Exchange, and the pilot associations. Tins close cooperation
mutually benefited all organizations concerned. ^

The speaking stations were established at points along the coast in
order to expedite the flow of coastwise shipping from one district to
another, to provide a means for communicating with vessels not
equipped with radio, to call vessels into harbor if necessary, and to
divert vessels which might be proceeding into danger. These
stations were manned by Navy personnel and were equipped with
gear for day and night signaling according to a simple code of distance
signals.

Vessels were instructed to speak to all stations along their route,
but they were not to be delayed. Sand Key and Jupiter Stations
were called reporting stations. All vessels passing out of the Gulf
coastwisebound were required to speak to Sand Key; all vessels
northbound through Old Bahama Passage were required to speak to
Jupiter. These stations proved valuable in diverting vessels for
their owners when it was desired to change a vessel's destination
after she had sailed.

The successful consummation of convoying activity according to
the general scheme laid down necessitated a considerable fleet of
escorting vessels, usually subchasers, of fair speed and armament,
and meant that the work of these small ships was to be one of inces-
sant activity.

The fact that no convoy was attacked off the American coast
indicated clearly that the presence of these small men-of-war meant
security to the very essential cargoes, both of men and the material
transported up and down the coast.

On the morning of June 3, the day that plans for the protection
of coastwise shipping were being evolved, the U. S. S. Preble reported
that she was engaging an enemy submarine in latitude 39® 31' N.,
longitude 73° 31' W. The U. S. S. Henley was immediately dis-
patched to the position indicated, and at 1 p. m. reported that she
had searched the vicinity in which the U. S. S. Preble had made con-
tact, but had found nothing.

Though the American tanker Herbert L, Pratt , 7,145 gross tons,
was mined, and sunk at 3.35 p. m., June 3, 2J miles off Overfafls Light-
ship, as the result of the mining activity of the U-151 in that vicinity,
it was not until 6 p. m. that the submarine registered her first sinking
for the day by attack, when she overhauled the Sam, O. Mengd, an
unarmed schooner of 915 tons gross, owned by C. C. Mengel & Bros.,
Louisville, Ky., and sunk her by bombs placed aboard in 38° 08' N.,
73° 35' W.

42 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITTES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

John W. Wilkins, the first officer of the Mengel stated that he
overheard a conversation between the boarding officer and Capt.
Hans T. Hansen in which the officer said his name was Kohler;
that the submarine had been out six weeks and had sunk 17,000
tons, three schoonere and three steamers, off the coast. According
to Wilkins, when the crew of the schooner left their ship the boarding
officer shook hands with them and said, ''Send Wilson out here and
we win finish him in 10 minntes. Wilson is the only one prolonging
the war."

Early next morning the submarine attacked by gunfire and finally
sank with bombs the Edward R, Baird, jr., an unarmed American
schooner of 279 gross tons, owned by D. J. Fooks, Laurel, Del. Her
location was off the coast of Maryland. Approximately 37° 35' N.,
74° W.

They placed bombs on the schooner, one on each side, suspended from the rigging.
It was about 7.30 a. m. sun time (8.30 a. m. Navy time) when we shoved off from the
schooner. They shoved off and went after and fired at a steamer which appeared on
the scene. When they shoved off after the steamer they were towing their dory
astern the submarine. The bombs went off five minutes after we left the schooner.
The weather was fine and clear; the sea was calm.

While the submarine was chasing the steamer mentioned above
the U. S. S. Hull J a coast torpedo vessel, hove in sight; the sub-
marine immediately abandoned the chase and submerged. The
HvU then picked up the survivors of the Edward R. Baird at about
8.20 a. m., three quarters of an hour after their ship had been sunk.

The destroyer had intercepted an attack upon the French tanker
Radioleine and later sent in the following message which was received
at Norfolk at 11.30 a. m.

FromrU. S. S. BitZZ.

To: Commandant Fifth Naval District.

Rush intercepted attack enemy submarine on steamer Radioleine lat. 37° 38'' N.
long. 73® 42'' W. 9.30 a. m. Took on board crew of Schooner Edward Baird bombed
and sinking 11304.

The commanding officer, R. S. Haggart, U. S. S. Hull, made the
following report concerning the attack upon the Radioleine:

At 8.30 a. m. , June 4 , 1918, while this vessel was proceeding to station in accordance
with radio orders from the commandant, fifth naval district, making 15 knots speed,
course 61° true, latitude 37° 15^ N., longitude 74° W., sound of firing was heard nearly
ahead. Full speed was put on at once and shortly after SOS signal was received
from the steamship Radioleine and the steamer which appeared to be firing was seen
on the horizon about one point on starboard bow; headed for the submarine and
sounded general quarters; noted steamer to be headed in our direction zigzagging and
firing her stem gun. Splashes from enemy shells were seen falling near steamer
between her and this vessel. Firing ceased when we were about 400 yards from
steamer. No sight of enemy was seen. The steamer proved to be the French steam-
ship Radioleine, which in passing headed toward Hampton Roads at full speed; she
signaled, ** Large enemy cruiser fired on sailing ship, then on us." We proceeded in

THE CRUISE OF THE U-151. 43

the direction of the sailing vessel dead ahead about 3 miles distant. We sighted an
object in water and headed for same; it proved to be a dory containing crew of Ameri-
can schooner Edward R. Bairdy Jr. They reported their ship fired upon and bombed
by German submarine and boarding officer had forced them to abandon ship.

We searched the vicinity for submarine, but found nothing. We went close aport
the schooner, which was still afloat, to determine if she could be saved . The executive
officer of this vessel (U. S. S. Hull) went on board with crew of schooner and foimd
decks awash and holds full of water from bomb holes inside; the vessel wa^ floating,
due to the cargo of lumber. A device believed to be a German percussion fuse igniter
was found on board and is forwarded herewith. We took the crew of the schooner on
board once more and circled in the vicinity searching for the enemy. We sighted
full-rigged ship Boon and warned her out of the danger area. We remained in the
vicinity until 1 p. m., when we proceeded toward station."

The master of the French tanker Rddioleine in reporting the at-
tack on his vessel said that on June 4, at 7.10 a. m., in latitude 37°
10' N., longitude 74° W., they were attacked by a German sub-
marine which chased them for an hour, at the end of which time tBe
American torpedo boat HuU appeared in answer to S O S calls of
the Rddioleine, and the submarine gave up the chase. A number
of shots were fired by the submarine and the Radioleine returned
the fire. The Rddioleine finally exhausted her supply of ammunition.

After abandoning the chase of the Radioleine about 8.30 a. m.,
the submarine continued her route southward and about 4.15 p. m.
when in latitude 37° 12' N., longitude 73° 55' W., made an attack
upon and subsequently sank the Norwegian steamship Eidsvoldy
an unarmed vessel of 1,570 tons, chartered by the United Fruit Co.
Capt. J. Johnson, master of the EidsvoM, told how his vessel was
overhauled and sunk by the submarine:

On Jime the 4th, at 4.15 p. m. in latitude 37** 12^ N. and longitude 73° 55^ W., a
submarine appeared off the starboard bow about 500 yards. She fired one shot over
the steamer; we then stopped oiu* engines. He signaled me to send a boat over to
the submarine; one of the mates, three seamen, and I took the ship's papers over to
the submarine and boarded her. I told him we were bound from Guantanamo, Cuba,
to New York with a cargo of sugar. When he heard that it was sugar for New York
he said that he was sorry that he had to sink the ship.

I then asked him for a reasonable length of time to get into the lifeboats, as I had
my wife on board. He stated that he would give me as much time as it would take
to get into the boats. I then returned to my ship and at 5 p. m. the boats got clear of
the ship. ^2

They then fired three shots into the starboard side, then turned around and fired
three shots into the port side, all shots taking effect at the water line. My ship dis-
appeared at 5.20 p. m.

The submarine remained in view till dusk. She seemed to follow us slowly wait-
ing for some vessel to come along and try to pick us up, when she would become easy
prey for the submarine.

When about 40 miles south of where she had simk the Eidsvold,
the submarine registered her next sinking at 9 a. m. on June 5,

12 The boats of the Eidsvold were picked up next day by the Morgan Line steamer Proteus, after having
been at sea 22 hours.

44 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

when she torpedoed, without warning, the Harpathian, an unarmed
British steamship of 4,588 tons gross, en route from London to New-
port News in ballast. The master of the HarpcUMan supplied the
following information to the commander, Newport News, Division
Transport Force:

The Rarpathian was sunk without warning by a torpedo from an enemy submarine
at 9.30 a.m. June 5, Cape Henry bearing N. 70 W. (true) 90 miles.** The ship was
torpedoed in latitude 36° 30^ N., 75° W.; sank in about seven minutes. All hands
were saved. One member of the crew, a Chinaman, was struck between theV^es
by a piece of the torpedo that sunk the ship. The captaiu did not see the submanne
till after the ship was hit, and only a few of the crew saw the torpedo before it struck.

The crew got away in the boats. The submarine commander called the boats
alongside and asked if all were saved and if any were sick; he also asked if they had
food and water. The Chinaman was given treatment aboard the submarine and was
then returned aboard the lifeboat. The submarine commander gave each boat a
bucket of water and asked the captain of the vessel if he had sent a wireless and on
being told that there had been no time, gave the boats the course to the nearest land.

The crew of the Harpathian was picked up by the British steamer
PoUymac on June 6, at 10.30 p. m.

At 3 p. m., Jime 5, the American schooner EUa Swift sighted the
submarine in latitude 36° 30' N. and longitude 73^40' W.; less than
an hour later the American whaler Nicholson was halted at the same
spot. The master of the whaler urged the submarine oflGlcers to
spare his ship saying that it would ruin him financially if the vessel
was destroyed. After a brief conference the submarine officers
informed him that he might proceed and ordered him away from
the vicinity.

The same day the TJ'151 sank the Norwegian steamer FinZarwZ,
1,143 gross tons, in latitude 36° 32' N. and longitude 73° 68' W.

The Vinland sailed from Guantanamo for New York with a cargo of sugar. On
June 5 at 6 p. m. a German submarine sent a shot over the ship which landed 300
yards on the other side. The submarine was about 3 J miles away and one point
abaft the port beam. I went aboard the submarine and they told me to get the boats
ready as quickly as possible. I went back to my ship and told every man to get as
many clothes as he could. About the same time one German officer and four or five
men came aboard. They took two bags of sugar. After that they placed a bomb on
the outside about 2 feet below the water line. It was cylindrical in shape and pointed
at both ends and they dropped it down with a piece of rope. The attitude of the
Germans while aboard was very nice; they said they were going to give us as much
time as they could and it was 20 minutes after they came aboard before we left the
ship.

One of the men struck a match and lighted the fuse it being a fuse bomb and it
exploded in about five minutes.

When first sighted about 4 miles away the submarine looked like an ordinary tramp
steamer.

>* Evidence of the difficulty which the Navy Department experienced in keeping correctly informed
of the submarine situation is shown by the fact that two submarine chasers reported the pcobable sinking
of a submarine late in the morning of June 5. It was found by a comparison of distances that the TJ-lSl,
the only enemy submarine on the coast at the time, would have been obliged to cruise 100 knots in two
hours to have been in the position given the object fired upon by the chasers.

THE CRUISE OF THE U-151. 45

On June 6, at 10 a. m., the British S. S. ManteUa reported a sub-
marine in latitude 36^ 2' N., longitude 73° 41' W.

On the same day at 2 p. m. the American steamship Gddque
reported sighting a submarine in latitude 31® 5' N., longtitude 75® 35
W. This position, however, was too far south and too far west at
the time to have been that of an enemy submarine.

On Jime 7, Coast Guard Station No. 115 reported that a submarine
had been sighted in latitude 39° 41.' N., longitude 74® 5' W. On
the same date the British S. S. Huntsend reported an oil patch in
latitude 39® 45' N., longitude 73® 42' W. These positions were also
too far north to have had any connection with the enemy submarine,
which, even on this date, was still operating further south as shown
by the fact that on June 8, at 5.30 a. m., in latitude 36® ^25' N., longti-
tude 74® 20' W., the submarine csiptured the Norwegip^n S. S. Vin-
deggeUj a vessel of 3,179 gross tons owned by Jens Folkmans hailing
from Skien, Norway, and after transferring part of her cargo of copper
to the submarine, sank the steamship on June 10, at 11.07 a. m., in
latitude 36® 25' N., longtitude 73® 20' W.

The statement of Edward Ballestad, master of the Vimdeggen,
covers the story of his experience with the submarine:

The steamship Vindeggen left Chile May 31 bound for New York to discharge a
cargo of wool, copper, and salted skins. Everything went all right until June 8,
5.30 a.m. in 36° 25^ N., 74° 2(K W., when a submarine immediately came to the
surface in easterly direction about three-quarters mile off. The submarine fired
two shots and hoisted signals to stop immediately. We lowered the port-side boat
and it went over to the submarine with the ships papers. During the work of lowering
the starboard boat some Chinamen jumped into it and it capsized and one of the
Chinamen was drowned. At 7.30 a. m. we sighted another steamer and the submarine
proceeded down to the eastward and ordered us to follow. At 11.30 the submarine
came back to us. It was the intention of the submarine to sink the ship right away
but when they found out we had copper they decided to bring it over to the submarine.

At 9 a. m. on the 9th they conmienced bringing copper to the submarine and they
continued imtil 8 p. m. Next day they began work again at 5 in the morning and
continued until 11. Then the submarine commander gave orders that the ship
should be sunk and said he would tow us to port. They planted bombs and in seven
minutes the ship disappeared. The submarine then proceeded westward with the
boats in tow. At 6.30 p. m. another steamer was sighted and the captain of the sub-
marine gave us orders to cast off the ropes and sail in a westerly direction. He went
for the steamer and sank her; he was back in half an hour. The submarine picked
us up again and towed us till 8.30 p. m., when they sighted another steamer and cast
us off again and submerged.

They did not say how many tons of copper they took from my ship, I should say
about 70 or 80; they estimated the value at about 1,000,000 marks. One of the officers
told me that off Cape Henry they dived in water so shallow that when he got to bottom
he was about the water line. He said he could easily sink a battleship, but had orders
not to sink it that day. He called all the officers to look through the periscope and
see what a fine target that ship would make.

The first steamship that appeared on the scene about two hours
after the Vindeggen had been captured was the Pinar del Rio, an

46 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

American steamship of 2,504 tons gross, en route to Boston from
Cuba with a cargo of 25,000 bags of sugar. The crew of the steamer
took to the boats at once and the submarine coming within 100 feet
of the ship sank her with gunfire in latitude 36° 16' W., longitude
73° 50' W., at 8.15 a. m., June 8, 1918.

Early in the morning of Jime 9 the U. S. S. Battleship South Caro-
lina,^^ with the U. S. S. C. No, 234, sighted and fired upon a periscope,
S. C. No, 234 dropping depth bombs in the. neighborhood of Cape
Henry, and on the afternoon of the next day the Henrick Lund, a
Norwegian vessel, of 4,322 gross tons, was overhauled and sunk by
the U-151, 1* in latitude 36° 30' N., longitude 71° 29' W.

On June 10, at 6.40 p. m., the Coast Guard Station No. 82 reported
sighting a periscope bound east. At 7.22 p. m. on the same date the
U. S. S. L-5 reported a submarine running awash 2 miles distant in
latitude 37° 32' N., longitude 73° 49' W. At 9.22 p. m. the U. S. S.
L-5 reported that the submarine fired a torpedo which crossed the
bow of the U. S. S. L-S at 10 yards distant. On June 10 when in
latitude 39° 15' N., longitude 74° 15' W., the steamship Sodral
sighted a submarine and at the same time saw an American ship on
the starboard bow turn her guns on the object and fired three shots,
one of which fell close to the object. The object disappeared; seven
minutes later the same steamer fired five more shots. A submarine
was reported by a fishing boat and an aeroplane on June 10, 9 miles
northeast of Winter Quarter Shoals. On the same date the Coast
Guard Station No. 83 sighted what appeared to be a periscope 2J
miles southeast of Fire Island. It will be seen that all these posi-
tions indicated are at points too far north to have any connection
with the TJ-ldl, which was stiU operating farther south in latitude
about 36° 30' N.

The whereabouts of the 11-151 during the two days that followed
the sinking of the HendriJc Lund must remain an open question.
There w^e numerous reports of sightings, but none of these can be
accept^ as authentic.^® On the morning of Jime 13, however, the
British steamer LlanstepTian Castle encountered the raider which gave
up the chase of that vessel to attack the Keemun, another British
ship which appeared nearer at hand. Capt. Chope of the LlanstepTian
Cattle reported his escape to the aid for information at New York as
follows:

June 13, 5.15 p. m., latitude 38° 02^ N., longitude 72° 47^ W., 76 meridian time,
I sighted strange looking craft on my starboard beam, which was taken to be, by my
oflBicers and myself, a destroyer of the British '*T" type. She was steaming with us

M The SouOi Carolina Is probably the vessel referred to in the conversation of the submarine officer with
the captain of the Vindeggen.

^ The steamer spoken of by Capt. Ballestad in the latter part of his narrative.

w Among the sightings reported were the following: Mapleleaf, 39" 30' N., 68' W.; AuOior, 30* IC N.,
78" 20' W.; Randwijk, 39' 05' N., 74" 37' W.

THE CRUISE OF THE U-151. 47

about 10 miles off, cloedng in on the ship. When it was noted that the submarine was
closing in my vessel turned away, so as to keep the submarine astern. He did not
follow us, however, for about five minutes, and changed his course to the westward.
He again started for us after another five minutes, and then he changed his course to
the eastward. I noted two big guns on the submarine, one forward and one aft. She
had a rounded stem and a raised bow, and two periscopes which looked like a funnel
at that distance. My gunner reported to me, after looking at her through his sight,
that she had removed two clows from her fore deck since we had first sighted her.
When we had the submarine astern of us the S. S. Keemun appeared on our port bow.
I hoisted the "B" flag, with a ball underneath and the proper signal, "North."

The Keemun apparently did not see our signal, as she did not answer it. Therefore
I sent out an *'allo" message, giving the ship's position. The Keemun at that time
was astern of us, about 5 miles distant. The Marconi officer on the ship at this time
reported that he had picked up a message that the Keemun was being shelled. I noted
three shots fall near the Keemun. The Keemun returned the submarine's fire. The
submarine was about 300 feet long.

The report of the Master of the Keemun, Thomas Collister, supple-
ments that of Capt. Chope, and tells of the final escape of his ship:

On the evening of June 13th at 6.50 pr. m. after receiving a wireless message from the
steamship Llanstephan Castle stating that a submarine was in latitude 38° 02^ N.
longitude 72° 47^ W., we sighted a submarine while in latitude 37° 51^ N. and longi-
tude 70° 50^ W. The submarine was about 7 miles from my vessel. It was not sub-
merged and was making about 12 knots, about the same speed my vessel was running.
Ten shells were fired by'the submarine. My vessel opened fire at 7,000 yards and at
11,000 yards the last shot was fired. After our last shot was fired the submarine
apparently came to a standstill.

On the next day the Norwegian bark Samoa , of 1,138 tons gross,
owned by Jacobsen & Thon, Norway, bound from Walfich Bay,
South Africa, for Perth Amboy, N. J., with a cargo of wool and
copper ore, was overhauled in latitude 37° 30' K, 72° 10' W. by an
enemy submarine and subsequently simk by gunfire at 8 a. m.

The foDowing gives the summary of a statement made by Harold
Grostock concerning the sinking of the Samoa:

1 do not know the exact latitude, but the captain of the German submarine told us
we were 200 miles off the Virginia coast. We sighted her about 5 a. m. while she
was cruising around us on the surface until about 6 a. m., when she came witliin 100
yards of us.

She gave us 15 minutes to leave the ship. She fired a shot across our bow to stop;
then she gave us the signal to get into lifeboats.

After we had gotten into the lifeboats she went around on the west side and put
three shots into our vessel; the Samoa sank on the third shot.

The captain of the Samoa asked the commander of the submarine what latitude
and longitude we were in and the submarine gave him a paper which stated that the
Norwegian bark Samoa was sunk in latitude 37° 30^ N., longitude 72° 10^ W.

All members of the crew got away safely; none were taken aboard the submarine.
There was no number on the hull of the submarine. She had a wireless and sent a
wireless message asking assistance for us. She sailed off, going southwest.

The crew of the Samoa were picked up by the schooner George W.
Truittj Jr,y at 4 p. m. on June 15, and later were transferred to the

y

48 GEBMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

Paul Jones and subsequently landed at Norfolk by boat. The
weather was fine and clear. There were no casualties.

On the afternoon of June 14, at 5 o'clock, when in latitude 38° 02'
N., 71° 40' W., the enemy submarine accounted for her next vessel
when she attacked and sank by gunfire the Kringsjdaj a Norwegian
bark of 1,750 gross tons, owned by Knudsen & Christiansund, Nor-
way, which left Buenos Aires on April 25, 1918, en route to New
York with a cargo of flaxseed.

The captain of the Kringsjaa requested the submarine officers to
give his boats a tow toward land. To this Lieut. Kohler replied that
that was impossible; that they had other business, and that the
submarine was bound north. He then told Capt. Gimwald Magnusdel
that he was 150 miles from the coast and to steer a course west by
north in order to reach the coast as soon as possible. He then said,
"I will report that you have been sunk, by wireless, in order that
you may be rescued." Capt. Magnusdel of the bark then heard the
wireless of the submarine cracking.*^

On June 15 at 7.30 p. m. the British S. S. City of Calcutta sent in an
"alio'' advising that she had sighted a submarine in latitude 39° 08'
N., longitude 66° 18' W.

After the sinking of the Kringsjaa on June 14, the JJ-151 began
her homeward journey. The fact that the City of Calcutta sighted
a submarine in latitude 39° 08' N., longitude 66° 18' W. on June 15
indicates that on that date submarine was well on her homeward way
and was not sighted by the British steamship Aras on Jime 15, or by
the Princess Maloilca on June 16, or the U. S. S. Mexican on June 17,
as was reported at the time. The assumption is further substantiated
by the fact that on June 18, at 9.20 a. m., the British steamship
DwinsJc, 8,173 gross tons, commanded by Lieut. Commander H.
Nelson, R. N. R., was torpedoed, and subsequently sunk by gunfire
about two hours later in latitude 38° 30' N., longitude 61° 15' W.

About two and one-half hours after the DwinsTc had been aband-
oned the U. S. S. Von Steuben appeared on the scene and bore
down on the lifeboats. She suddenly stopped, however, avoiding a
torpedo and opened fire on a periscope, firing 19 shots and dropping
depth charges.

On June 19 the American steamship AdAxmce reported the sighting
of what appeared to be a submarine at 4.15 p. m. in latitude 38° 32'
N., longitude 71° 12' W., and on June 20, U. S. S. Prairie reported a
submarine and the sighting of what appeared to be a torpedo passing
astern in latitude 33° 56' N., longitude 68° 25' W.

It was most probable that the objects sighted by the crew of the
steamship Advance or the U. S. S. Prairie were not enemy submarines,

iv The crew of the Kring»faa was picked up by the U. S. destroyer PaUerton, after havixis been at sea for
42houn.

■ALiRiJi^iNJA

-■/,

THE CRUISE OF THE U-151. 49

since on June 22, when in latitude 39° 30' N., longitude 53° 40' W.,
the U-151 attacked and sank the Belgian transport CMHier at
12.30 p. m. -

The ChUMer, a vessel of 2,966 gross tons, was bound for New York
in ballast. She was armed with " an old French 90-nun. gun, which
could be loaded with powder and cartridges," and with this antiquated
piece she fired several ineffective shots at the submarine before she
surrendered. The day after the OJiiUier had been abandoned one
of her lifeboats with six members of the crew aboard foundered and
all were lost.

On the morning of June 23 the raider scored another success, the
victim being the Norwegian steamer Augvald, a vessel 'of 3,406 gross
tons. The following account of the attack is given by Alfred Pedersen
the chief engineer of the merchant ship:

On Sunday moniing about 9 o'clock in latitude 38° 3(K N., longitude 53° 42^ W.,
the submarine made its attack by gunfire. When we first saw the submarine she was
about 4 miles away. We stopped the engines. She came abeam of us and began to
fire again. Nothing struck us till about 11 o'clock. We abandoned ship about
9.30 before the shots began to strike the vessel. At about 11 o'clock the submarine
fired 25 or 30 shots into the vessel. We had only two lifeboats. We had grub, water,
and everything in the boat I was in, but we lost it all and the mate, too, when the boat
capsized. The first time she capsized we lost our compass. There were 14 men in
the boat when she left the ship; after she had capsized the third time there were only
11 left. We saw many steamers, but none of them would pick us up. We were not
picked up until July 4. The only thing we had to eat after the boat capsized on June
25 was small bits of seaweed and little fish we caught in the seaweed. We had plenty
of rain water for a while, but later we had to use salt water.

The Augvald was the last victim of the memorable cruise of the
TJ-ldl, The raider did not cease her efforts to add to the list of her
victims, however, and the last part of her homeward cruise was
marked by unsuccessful attacks and running engagements with
American and British vessels.

On June 25 at 7 a. m. the British steamship Gflerdee, 4,915 tons gross,
was shelled by submarine in latitude 40*^ N., longitude 49*^ W. The
OUnlee was saved by her own guns. There were no casualties.
On the same day at 7 p. m. the U. S. S. Dochra, 4,309 gross tons,
reported being shelled by a subma^ne in latitude 40*^ 25' N., longitude
47*" 29' W. The Dochra also escaped.

Two days later the U. S. S. Lake Forest^ 4,100 tons displacement, a
Naval Overseas Transportation Service vessel, at 6 a. m. sighted
the V-161 in latitude 41° 12' N., and longitude 44° 03' W., and was
shelled, returning fire in a battle which lasted tiU 7.25 a. m., when the
submarine disappeared. The submarine fired 60 shots and the ship
24 rounds. •

On June 28 the U. S. A. C. T. McCleUan reported a submarine at
4.55 a. m. in latitude 42° 15' N., longitude 41° 19' W. This sub-
181062^—20 4

52 GEBMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

boats from this vessel were seen, and as we could obtain no assistance from this mnlnng
vessel we headed on a course NW. by W. magnetic. The condition of the weather
on July 7 was light southeasterly breeze, clear, and it blew up during the night with
heavy rain squalls. There was no loss of life or injury to any one. The vessel was
not armed. Not one of the survivors saw my vessel actually sink, ^or did we see the
full rigged vessel I sighted the next day actually sink. The exact position of the sec-
ond vessel, I am unable to give. All my efforts were bent on getting away from the
vicinity.

The following is a statement of S. E. Holte, chief officer of the
Norwegian bark Marosa, as received from the United States Naval
Intelligence officer of Halifax, Nova Scotia:

We had a latitude at dinner time of 39° W N. and longitude 50° 56^ W. About 5
p. m., local apparent time, after sailing 25 miles ENE. (true) from the noon position, I
was lying in bed when I heard a shot. I immediately came out and went up on the
poop deck and saw a submarine lying about 3 miles to our windward on the starboard
side. I ordered all hands on deck right away. We lowered down the top-gallant
sails, brailed up the mainsail, braced back the main and mizzen yards, and I ordered
one-half the crew to hoist out the lifeboats. They were swung out. The steward
and cook got provisions into the boats about five minutes after the first shots. When
we were not quite finished they fired another shot, which landed about 15 yards from
the starboard lifeboat, and pieces of shrapnel flew close to the vessel.

The submarine then bore down on our vessel until they were one-half mile off, when
they let us go, and five German sailors armed with revolvers came on board my boat.
On going alongside, they told us that they would give us 20 minutes to get our oilskins.
We put more provisions into our boat and our oilskins. Then they asked mo if the
gig up forward was any good, and I told them yes; they then ordered me to put her
into the -water, which I did. As we had all we could get, we pulled away, laying off
half a mile from our vessel in our boats until darkness set in. All we could see of
what the submarine's crew was doing was hoisting articles in the gig by the starboard
davit. The last we saw of them was when they pulled from our ship to the submarine
and they were still using the gig. The kind of stores they took, I do not know, but
they were canying bombs with them or some apparatus with long white lanyards on
them. The German sailors, who boarded the ship went through the cabin, and the
rest of the ship. They stationed a man on the mizzen royal yard as a lookout with
large powerful binoculars, and they also tore all the hatches off.

Description of the submariiu. — ^About 200 feet long, one conning tower, two masts for
wireless (small stumps), large guns, about 8-inch, white square with red cross on it
about 4 inches square on conning tower, exactly like the Red Cross. Two patent
anchors forward, all rusty. Two periscopes, one of them telescopic. Amidships,
fore and aft, w^e life rails. Hull painted gray and black. Guns and everything
else painted in the same way. Deck about J inch thick. Had big holes about IJ
feet in diameter around the stern. As we came up to the submarine they asked us
if there was any one else on board, and we told them no. They unloaded their guns,
using a wooden rammer about 10 feet long to eject the shells from the guns. Two men,
having long wires leading below deck with ear pieces on their heads, walked about
on the deck all the time. There were about a half dozen ofl5cers, who wore powerful
binoculars and carried revolvers. We did not see any mines on her, just ammunition
for the guns — ammunition fixed — brass case. The second ofl5cer of the German sub-
marine spoke English and several of the crew spoke Norwegian. The skipper of the
submarine was a tall man, with black beard and mustache — ^not very stout — sort of
thin. The crew were all young men and two of them wore on their hats "II Flotilla. "
One of the crew of the German submarine in Scandanavian told one of the crew of the
Marosa to take plenty of clothing and provisions, as they were a long way from home.

THE U-156. 53

About 9 p. m., after dark, we proceeded on our. course NW. by W. and lost sight of
the vessel. They gave us no course, but told my captain to steer to westward and
some one on board the submarine shouted, "Good trip and God bless you, you are
800 miles from land." We then steered NW. by W. to gain north of the Gulf Stream.

About 4 p. m. the next day we sighted a full-rigged sailii^ ship. with only the lower
topsails on her. Everything else was lowered doWn. The mainsail was brailed up,
foresail and cross jack were furled. We bore down on it to within 2 J miles. She
looked suspicious, so we waited a while to see what it was. We waited there for a
while and then started, keeping on our course for about a quarter of an hour. Suddenly
the ship disappeared and we could not have been more than 3 miles off at the time
when we saw the same submarined. Just as we were looking they saw us and steered
NW. by W. magnetic. At night we saw some lights, whether they were the lights
from the submarine or the lights flashing from the boats of the full-rigged ship, I do
not know. The lights were not flare-ups, they were flashes, caused either by signal
or motions of the seaway. Heavy rain, squalls, a very rough sea, and a westerly wind
had set in by this time.

The next day we saw nothing, and the day after that we saw nothing. The next
morning there was a light southwesterly breeze, and we sighted the barque SorhnesSy
home port, Farhsund, Norway, and we pulled up to that ship. ^They picked us up,
took our boats on board, and carried us 200 miles toward the Nova Scotia shore. On
the same day we sighted the schooner Zmrfa, from Liverpool, and the captain of my
vessel went over and asked them if they would take us to Nova Scotia. He said he
could take the captain and a couple of men, but not all. The captain then came back
and Capt. Daniels of the barque Sorkness said he would take us closer to the Nova
Scotia shore.

We shoved off again in our two boats, loading up with provisions again, and during
the next two days we saw several fishing vessels from Newfoundland. We held our
course and kept the boats together so that they would not get lost in the fog. A large
British man-of-war came up to within 10 yards of us and nearly ran us down. They
saw us and altered their course. She was using her siren constantly. Our boats got
mixed up with the propeller wash. They never answered our signals and at the time
one could not see more than 200 feet ahead on account of the fog. We landed on the
night of the 16th, at 11 p. m., at Cranberry Island.

The second officer of the submarine told me that they had to sink the ship, as she
was chartered by an American firm.

The vessel which the captain and first officer of the Marosa saw
sunk on July 8 was the Norwegian schooner Manx King, 1,729 gross
tons, bound from New York to Rio de Janeiro with general cargo,
and was sunk in approximately latitude 40° north, longitude 52°
west. The captain of the Manx King^rotested against the seizure
of his vessel, pointing out that she was of neutral register, but the
submarine officer insisted that the type of cargo carried (oil, cotton,
barbed wire, sheet iron, and shoes) was contraband and that the
vessel must be destroyed. As in the case of the Marosa the crew of
the merchant vessel was given ample time to provision the boats
while the Germans were removing supplies to the submarine and
searching for other prey from the main gallant yard. They then
placed bombs in the hatches of the ship, using the victims' flag lines
for the purpose,*" and after advising the Norwegian captain '' to sail

» These bombs were described as being 18 inches in length and 3 to 4 inches in diameter, with small
plugs resembling " the binding posts of an electric battery " on top.

54 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

in a westerly direction, saying that he would be sure to be picked
up by a passing ship," ordered the lifeboats to get underway. The
crew of the Manx King did not see their vessel sink, as she disap-
peared in the fog after they had gone 2 miles.

After the sinking of the Manx King nothing was learned of the
whereabouts of the TJ-156^ until an alio was sent out on the 17th
by the U. S. S. Harrishurgj giving her position as latitude 40° 10'
N., longitude 68° 55' W. The submarine, which was lying on the
surface, made no effort to attack, and after remaining in view for
10 minutes submerged at a distance of about 10,000 yards from the
Harrishurg,^^

Four days after she was sighted by the Harrisburg the raider
raised a storm of excitement along the seaboard by attacking the
tug Perth Amhoyj 435 gross tons, and her tow of four barges in sight
of the Massachusetts coast and within ia few miles of the Chatham
naval air station. The war diary of the first naval district gives a
graphic account of the attack:

A German submarine attacked the tug Perth Amboy of the Lehigh Valley R. R.,
and her four barges, 3 miles off Orleans, on the southeastern elbow of Gape God,
Mass., at 10.30 a. m. to-day. The one-sided battle lasted one hour and one-half.
The tug was burned to the water's edge by shell fire, while the barges Lansford and
No. 766, No. 40Sf and No. 740 were sunk by gunfire.. The barges were bound from
Gloucester, Mass., for New York, N. Y., and only one was loaded, her cargo con-
sisting of stone. Gf the 41 persons, including 3 women and 5 children on board,
3 men were wounded.

The attack was witnessed by large crowds of natives and summer visitors, who had
flocked to the cape for the week end, seeking relief from the hot wave. All accounts
agreed that the submarine's shooting was very bad. Her torpedo work was no better.
According to Capt. Ainsleigh of the Lansford, the U-boat launched three torpedoes
at the tug and all went wild. This is not believed to be true.

The attack occurred only a few miles from the naval air station at Chatham. Four
hydroplanes attacked the raider with bombs. The depth bombs dropped did not
explode. The fire was returned, keeping the planes high. Finally, the U-boat
submerged and was last observed heading south.

To-night the tug was still afloat, and it is thought she can be saved. The net result
of the raid was the sinking of barges valued in the aggregate at $90,000 and the serious
damaging of a tug valued at $100,000, and the expenditure of some ammunition.

The appearance of the raider so near the treacherous shoals and tide rips of the
cape and her subsequent actions caused amazement to the thousands of eyewitnesses
rather than consternation. The natives of the cape could not understand why she
should waste torpedoes and shells on barges running to a coal port.

A fog bank lying 4 miles offshore hid the U-boat from her approaching victims.
The Perth Amboy, steaming leisurely through the calm summer sea, was unaware of
the presence of danger until a deckhand sighted a streak in the water shooting by
the stern.

w The U. S. S. Kroonland reported firing upon a submarine on the 10th when in latitude 36** 28' N.,
longitude 62*32' W.

>i It is supposed that the time between the sinking of the Manx King and the sighting by the Harm-
burg was occupied in the sowing of mines, one of which sank the U. S. S. San Diego. (See page 126.)

THE U-156. 55

Before he realized that it was a torpedo, two other missiles sped by, wide of their
mark. He shouted a warning. At the same time there was a> flash from the fog and
a shell crashed through the wheelhouse. A fragment of the flying steel took off the
hand of a sailor as he grasped the spokes of the steering wheel. In quick succession
came other shots, some of which went wide and some of which struck home.

Capt. J. P. Tapley, of the Perth Amhoy, who was in his cabin at the time, ran out
on the deck just as the submarine loomed out of the fog bank, her deck gun flashing
out its storm of steel. The bombardment set the tug on fire, and the German then
turned his attention to the helpless barges.

Shrapnel bursting over the Lansford, second in the tow, struck down Charles Ains-
leigh, master of the barge. The shooting of the enemy was amazingly bad. For
more than an hour the blazing tug and the drifting barges were under fire before the
enemy succeeded in getting enough shots to sink them. In the meantime, the sub-
marine crept nearer until her range was only a few hundred yards. This at length
proved sufficient, and the barges disappeared beneath the surface one by one imtil
only the stem of the Lansford was visible. The tug was a burning hulk.

The crews, with the three women, the five children who were aboard and the
woimded, rowed ashore, landing in Nauseet Harbor, Cape Cod, Mass. (Coast Guard
Station No. 40), while naval hydroairplanes came out, located the U-boat in the haze,
and engaged her.

Some of the summer residents grew uneasy when they saw how wild the German
gunners were shooting and feared stray shells would hit their cottages. Many of
these residents went to cottages which had substantial cellars and watched the firing
there, ready to seek shelter should the German try his markmanship on shore targets.
Some residents reported shells falling on shore. ^

On July 22, 1918, the day following the attack on the Perth Amhoy,
the 11-156 sank the American fishing schooner Robert and Richard
60 miles southeast of Cape Porpoise, in latitude 42° 42' N., longitude
68° 23' W. The submarine fired her first and only shot at a distance
of 2 miles. The schooner hove to and the submarine approached.
A German officer ordered one of the fishermen's dories alongside,
and with two sailors boarded the schooner. On -the way to the
Robert and Richard the German officer seemed willing to talk: "He
said he had a big house in the States. I asked him what he was
going to do with us, and- he said he was not going to do anything,
and when we got ashore he wanted us to tell the authorities that we

« A thrilling story of how the Boston fishing boat Rose, on a seining trip, was fired upon several times
by a German submarine off Orleans, Cape Cod, Mass., being missed by only 10 feet, together with her
(light for safety, was told to-night upon her arrival in Provincetown by Capt. Marsi Schuill. The captain
and his crew of seven witnessed the attack on the tug Perth Amhoy and the four barges. The captain said:

''We were about 5 miles off Orleans at 10.30 this morning, and the sea was as ralm as a mirror. About
2 miles ahead of us the tug and her tow of four barges was steaming lazily along. Suddenly we heard the
report of a big gun. We looked toward the tug and her tow and were startled to see a submarine break
water.

"She looked like a big whale, with the water sparkling in the sunlight as it rolled off her sides, ^hen
we saw the Qash of a gun on the U-boat and saw the shell strike the pilot house of the tug. A few minutes
later we saw fire break out and the crew running toward the stem. Then the U-boat turned her attention
to the barges. We then saw one of the deck guns on the U-boat swung around toward us and there was
a flash. A shell came skipping along the water. I ordered full speed ahead, and the Rosie jumped ahead
through the brine, making us feel a little bit more comfortable. The Germans must have fired as many
as five shots at us, the nearest coming within 10 feet of our stem but we were traveling pretty fast and
when the submarine crew saw their shots were falling short they gave up. A few minutes later we saw a
naval patrol boat tearing toward the submarine, but we didn't stop."— War Diary ol the First Naval Dis-
trict,

56 GEBMAK SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES OK ATLANTIC COAST.

do not do anything to those on the vessels we sink. He said 'You
think too much of what Wilson tells you/ They acted as though
they had plenty of time. They only brought one bomb aboard and
they carried this in a canvas bag. This they swimg underneath the
ship by the use of a sounding lead. They started on the stem end
of the ship and pulled it up to about midships." ^^

In this instance the submarine crew removed nothing from their
victim other than the flag and the ship's papers.

On the 23d and the 27th sightings were reported by the American
S. S. Temple E, Dorr and by the British S. S. Gymeric. The Dorr
was 8 miles east of Fire Island at the time, while the Gymeric was in
latitude 38° 27' N. and longitude 70° 42' W. In the latter case it
was reported that two submarines were seen and in the former the
object was far away when sighted; it is doubtful, therefore, that the
TJ-166 was seen in either case, although it is possible that American
submarines, which were operating in the vicinity at the time, might
have been sighted.^^

The next victim of the TJ-IBG was the Biritsh motor schooner
Domfontein, which was sunk August 2 in latitude 44° 17' N. and
longitude 67° W.

The war diary of the first naval district furnishes a good accoimt
of the sinking:

The little cloud of smoke rising to-day from the hulk of the British schooner Dom-
fontein, 7 miles south of Grand Island, at the entrance of the Bay of Fundy, marked
the scene of the most recent German submarine attack on the Atlantic coast.

The schooner, lumber laden, from St. Johns, New Brunswick, for a port south,
was overtaken just before noon yesterday by a German submarine, her crew driven
into their dories, and the vessel robbed and burned. After rowing three hours the
men reached Grand Island.

The fact that the submarine ventiu*ed so close to the shoals and shallows of the
Bay of Fundy, as did the one which sank four coal barges in the dangerous waters
close to Orleans, on Cape Cod, Mass., two weeks agpo, led shipping men to believe
that it was the same German craft. This belief was substantiated by the fact that
the second officer of the submarine which sank the Robert and Richard told Capt.
Wharton of that schooner that he had maintained a simuner home on the Maine coast
for 25 years prior to the war. It is believed that no navigating officer of a submarine
would venture so close inshore unless he was very familiar with the details of the
coast line.

The schooner was just getting into open sea, 25 miles off Briar Island, the western-
most point of Nova Scotia, when the submarine rose from the water and fired two
shots across her bow. The schooner quickly came to and a few minutes later was
boarded by a party of Germans who left the submarine in a small boat.

The Germans wasted no torpedoes, shells, or bombs, but set the vessel afire. Every
stitch of available clothing owned by the crew, together with a six-months' stock of

"Testimony of Capt. Robert A. Wharton before American Naval Intelligence oflScers.

*< It appears likely that on this day the 17-166 was operating in the vicinity of Bamegat Inlet. At 9.30
a. m., the 27th. the Florence Olson reported a sighting off Bamegat Light. At 6.03 In the afternoon the
n. S. S. Colhoun reported an attack in latitude 38* 35' N. longitude 70* 40' W. A little over an hour latei'
the British S. S. llelitia reported an attack in latitude 38* 3d' longitude 70* 20' W

THE U-156. 57

provisions, was taken off by the German raiding party. The officers and crew of the
schooner made the best of their time while in contact with the Germans and brought
in the best account of the vessel and her crew that had been obtained up to date.
Part of their report is as fbllows: "The submarine was the r/-156, and the crew nmn-
bered 73. Their ages would run from 20 to 35. They were well clad and appeared
to be in good health and condition. The men stated that the only thing they suffered
from was a lack of vegetables. The captain of the submarine was a stout man, appar-
ently about 32 years of age and about 5 feet 7 inches tall, and the crew were pretty
much the same type of men. The captain spoke only broken English, while the
second lieutenant spoke English fluently. Nearly all the crew spoke English. '^

Many false statements were made to the Englishmen by the sub-
marine crew, but these were mixed with truths that aided the navy
men in tracing the activities of the vessel."

Following the destruction of the Domfontdnj the U-boat turned
its attention to the fishing fleet operating in the vicinity of Seal
Island, Nova Scotia. On August 3 the American schooners Muriel^
120 gross tons, Sydney B, Atwood, 100 gross tons, Annie Perry, 116
gross tons, and the American motor schooner Rob Roy, 112 gross
tons, were destroyed by bombs. The affidavit of the master of the
Muriel before the American consul at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, is as,
follows:

The affiant, Eldridge Nickerson, states that he is a n aturalized American citizen
living at Everett, Mass. ; that he was the master of the fishing schooner Mwriely belong-
ing to the Atlantic Maritime Co., of Boston, Mass.; that the said schooner's gross
tonnage is 120 and net tonnage 83; that the said schooner sailed from Gloucester on
August 2, 1918, bound for Browns Bank, intending to call at Pubnico, Nova Scotia;
that about 11 o'clock of August 3, 1918, when the said schooner was about 45 miles
W. by N. of Seal Island, Nova Scotia, a submarine was sighted about 4 miles to the
south; that the said schooner's position was about the same when abandoned and
sunk; that the said schooner's course at the time was due east, sailing at a speed of
10 knots, and that no flag was flying; that the submarine was steaming on the surface
at about 10 miles an hour, headed NE. and flying three German flags; that he
attempted to escape and was drawing slightly away from the submarine when the latter
fired two shots, one across said schooner's bow and one across said stem; that he
immediately hove to and waited for the submarine's approach; that the commander
of the submarine ordered the crew of the said schooner into their four boats and to
come alongside of the submarine; that the submarine's commander then went aboard
the said schooner with some of his own seamen and took away the said schooner's
American flag, the ship's papers, and some of her provisions, such as eggs, and then
tied a bomb to said schooner's sounding lead, placing it under said schooner's stem,
and that about a quarter of an hour after noon he fired off said bomb by means of a
time fuse; that the said schooner sank in about two minutes, going down by the
head; that the submarine remained on the surface and steamed away to SE. at a
speed of abo^t 6 miles an hour; that the submarine's commander wore a uniform

» Same of the statements made by the Germans to the crew of the Domfontein were: That prior to enter-
ing the Bay of Fundy the submarhie had waited 3 miles off Portland, Me., but as no shipping appeared
they had proceeded to the Bay of Fundy.

That they had been operating off the American coast for six months.

That they had sunk the <Sfan Diego.

That there were two larger submarines and one the same size operating on the American coast.

TeU Wilson that in six months there would be 200 submarines operating on the American Atlantic and
Pacific coasts and against Japan.

58 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

which looked old and worn and that the sailors wore rough civilian clothes; that the
submarine's commander looked about 40 years of age, was of medium height and thick
set, being of a dark complexion, and wore a beard and mustache; that about 20 of
the submarine's crew appeared on deck; that the commander of the submarine asked
him from what port he came and where he was bound, and tonnage of the said schooner,
and demanded said schooner's papers and flag; that the said questions were asked in
English; that after the submarine steamed away the four boats rowed for the Nova
Scotia coast, arriving at Yarmouth on the morning of August 4, 1918; that as the
weather was good the crew did not suffer from cold, but suffered a little from hunger,
owing to the fact that the said schooner's bread placed in the dories was soaked with
water at the time the said schooner was sunk and was not fit to eat.

The Atwood was the next victun, followed at 2.30 p. m. by the
Perry. The Roh Roy was sunk at 6 p. m. A statement of a member
of the crew of the Annie Perry tells of their capture and treatment
by the Germans:

Mr. Charles H. Swain states that they left Boston, Friday noon, August 2, 1918, and
that on Saturday about 2.30 p. m. they sighted a boat about 5 miles due north. They
did not know it was a submarine till it was about 4 miles away. The submarine
then fired a shot across the bow when about 3 miles away and they hove to. Mr.
Swain states that they saw the Roh Roy sunk. The crew then put off in four dories
with 19 men. They were 35 miles from land off the Nova Scotia coast, W. half south
from Seal Island. The sub came close to dory and the officer of the sub called for
the captain to go aboard. Our captain and four men went aboard. The German
captain was a young man, German, about 23 years old. He said, "Don't be afraid,
we won't hurt you, but we're going to sink your ship." He further stated that we
were fortunate to be near land, and told us that he sank one ship 400 miles from land,
and that he was the man "V^ho had sunk the San Diego. He said that he had supplies
to remain out three months. The sub crew consisted of 60 or 70 men and about 30 or 35
were on deck. The submarine was battleship gray and had two large guns fore and
aft. The submarine was clean. They took all the supplies from our ship and the sub
captain gave the crew in dory brandy and cigarettes. The sub captain then asked
for newspapers.

On the 4th the Nelson J.., a Canadiaji schooner, was captured and
sunk by bombs and the day following the Canadian schooners Agnes
B. Holland and Gladys M, Hollett ^^ were disposed of in the same
manner. The sinkings of the 5th took place 15 miles off Lehave
Banks, about 50 miles SE. by S. of the locality in which the attacks
of the two previous days were made.^^ The Gladys M, HoUett was
later towed to port.

At 11.40 this same morning the Canadian tanker Luz Blanca, a
vessel of 4,868 gross tons, which had cleared the port of Halifax

bound for Tampico, Mexico, five hours before, was struck by either

« .

^' These two fishing vessels were formerly reported as Agnes B. Halliard and Gladys FrehaleU. The
British Admiralty give the names as above.

^7 The rumor that one of the officers of the submarine was well acquainted in the United States recurred
continually. Fishermen claim to have identified the commander of the German submarine that ha^ been
sinking fishing boats as a skilled navigator, formerly in the fisheries service of the United States. Two
men from different schooners that were sunk claimed to have recognized a former acquaintance, who has
changed little except that he has grown a beard since they last saw him. Shipping men are satisfied that
one of the officers of the submarine had an exact knowledge, as he operated the most dangerous waters in
safety. The suspected man is said to know these waters, from Wood's Hole, Mass., to Nov a Scotia, as
well as anyone who has ever sailed them.— From Diary of the First Naval District.

THE U-156. 59

a torpedo or a mine. She put about with the intention of return-
ing to Halifax to repair the damage caused by the explosion. At
2 o'clock in the afternoon the tj-lS6 appeared between 4 and 5
miles off her port quarter and opened fire. The Luz Blanca carried
one 12-pounder aft, and although the explosion in the morning
had tilted the gun deck, making it impossible to use the gun to the
best advantage, its crew returned the fire of the enemy. The sub-
marine quickly found that she outranged the Luz Blanca and there-
fore kept at a safe distance, firing in all 30 shots. Meanwhile the
tanker, which at the beginning of the engagement had been making
12 knots an hour in spite of her injuries, suddenly stopped. The
master was of the opinion that one of the shells from the submarine
which struck just astern of the vessel destroyed the propeller. The
shells of the submarine now began to strike home, two men were
killed and several others wounded aboard the tanker, and at 3.16
the vessel, afire in several places, was abandoned by her crew.
The submarine continued to shell the burning hulk which, when
last seen by her crew, was settling rapidly, in latitude 43° 48' N.,
longitude 63° 40' W.^^

On August 8 ^ the U~156 overhauled the Swedish S. S., Sydland,
a vessel of 3,031 gross tons, in latitude 41° 30' N., longitude 65°
22' W. This vessel, which had before the present trip been engaged
in Norwegian-American trade, had been chartered by the Allied
Governments for use as a Belgian relief ship and was proceeding
from Bagen, Norway, to Hampton Eoads to receive her orders and
her cargo. The statement of Capt. Alexandre N. Larson, master
of the Sydlandj was summarized as follows by the aid for informa-
tion at New York :

On August 8, at 2.30 p. m., the captain and chief ofl&cer were standii^ on the deck,
and first knew of the presence of the submarine when they heard the report of a gun
and saw the splash of a shell about 20 fathoms in front of the Sydland. The captain
then stopped his vessel, although he did not see the submarine. About 2.33 p. m.
another shot was heard and a shell landed about 10 fathoms amidships. A short
time afterwards the submarine appeared apparently 6 or 7 miles astern of the ship,
about ESE. from the vessel and was at the time heading SW. by W. J^ W.

The submarine was next observed signaling. International Code **A F," which
meant "Bring your papers on board." Orders were at once given by the captain
to put out a small boat to the submarine. The captain himself, with three of his
crew, first mate, boatswain, and one sailor, put off for the submarine, which at that
time appeared within 2 miles of the Sydland. The captain gave his papers to a mem-
ber of the crew, who in turn gave them to the prize oflicer of the submarine. The
captain stated that the submarine appeared to be about 300 feet long. The sub-
marine had two guns, one forward and one aft. The guns appeared to be about
5.9. No other guns were observed.

» Newspaper reports that the boats of the Lva Blanca were shelled are not borne out by the statements
of the crew.

» On August 7 the Belgian relief steamer Elizabeth von Belgie was halted in latitude 42^ W N., longitude
64* IT W. Her papers were examined and her officers questioned by the Germans. She succeeded in
establishing her character to theii- satisfaction and was allowed to continue her voyage.

60 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

When the captain came alongside of the submarine there appeared to be about 40
men of the crew standing on deck. They appeared to be men between 30 and 40
years of age. The prize officer was the only officer seen by the captain. He was a
short man, brown eyes, and dark hair, clean shaven, and had about three or four
days* growth of beard. He looked like a Spaniard, and had on a brown leather coat
with a blue cap. The captain talked to the prize officer, first in German, which he
spoke slightly, and afterwards in English.

The prize officer and six men of the submarine got into the boat and rowed back
to the Sydland with the captain, and asked if he had any license from the German
Government to show that the Sydland was a Efelgian relief ship. As the captain
could not produce the necessary German papers, the prize officer returned to the
submarine and at 4.10 p. m. came back to the Sydland with papers from the com-
manding officer of the submarine stating that the Sydland must be sunk. Orders
were given to the crew of the Sydland to man the boats, and at 4.25 p. m. they aban-
doned the ship. Between 2.30 p. m. and 4 p. m. the submarine had moved, and
at the time the ship was abandoned she was lying about a ship's length on the star-
board side of the Sydland. Capt. Larson protested against leaving his ship, and
demanded a paper from the prize officer showing for what reason he was about to
sink the vessel. After a little conversation he gave the captain a document, copy of
which was obtained by this office.

After the vessel was abandoned the boats rowed about five or six ship's lengths
from the submarine and one of the boats went alongside of the submarine to obtain
the proper course to steer for land. The course was furnished to the man in the boat,
and the crew of the submarine were very insolent. The boats started to row away,
steering on a course due west. As they were rowing away, the captain noticed that
a number of the men from the submarine were making for the Sydland. The last
seen of the submarine was about 5 p. m., as the weather grew foggy and it was impos-
sible to see after that time. When last seen the submarine was alongside the Sydland.

At 8 o'clock p. m., August 8, while the crew of the Sydland was still rowing, three
or four explosions were heard, three loud and one very slight, which it was thought
to be explosions of bombs on the Sydland. At the time that the prize officer returned
to the Sydland, about 4.10 p. m., he brought three bombs on board the Sydland.
These bombs were roimd and appeared to be about 12-inch and were painted gray.

One of the members of the crew of the submarine told the second officer of the
Sydland that he had been chief officer on board one of the Hamburg- American Line
vessels, that he was married in New York, and that although he was qualified to be
an officer in the German Naval Reserve he had to take the place of a seaman on a
submarine because he was married in New York and had a brother in the United
States Navy.

The sinking of the S. S. Sydland has previously been charged to
11-117 J but a comparison of the receipt given to Capt. Larsen for
his ship and that given to Capt. Hans Thorbyonsen for his ship (the
San Jose, which is known to have been sunk by the TJ-166) proves
conclusively that the loss of the Sydland should be charged to the
account of the U-1S6, Further evidence develops in the fact that
while the TJ-166 was busy with the Sydland, the U. S. S. Tingey
sighted another submarine, without doubt the U-117, Smiles south-
east of Sable Island.

A photographic copy and a translation of the two receipts are as
follows;

11

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llEL lllSTIII t III

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a. % *«^0BUbNO'

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RECEIPT GIVEN TO THE MASTER OF THE SWEDISH S. S. SYDLAND
BY J. KNOECKEL, OBERLEUTNANT, U-156.

60-2

(Page 61.)

THE U-156. 61

17. August, 1918.
Der norwegische Dampfer San Joie wurde von einem Deutschen Unterseeboot
angehalten und versenkt: da keinerlei Charter party an Bord, auf Gnind eines
Schreibens vom 2. Juli 1918 aber anztmehmen war, dass der Dampfer in Charter der
Britiflchen Firma Fumess-Wihty & Co. (Fumess Withy & Co.) fuhr. Ein Schreiben
vom 31. Juli 1918 konnte diese Annahme nicht wiederlegen.

J. Knoegkel, Obit. z. S. d. R.

' . August 17, 1918.

The Norwegian steamer San Jose was stopped by a German submarine and sunk,

as there was no charter party on board, but it was to be concluded on account of a

commimication of July 2, 1918, that the steamer ran under the charter of the British

firm Fumess-Withy & Co. A commimication of July 31, 1918, could not contradict

this assumption.

J. Knoeckel, Lieutenant.

Rederi: S. S. "Sydland,'*
Axel Brostrom & Co. den 19. .

Gdteboig.

Ich bescheinige dass der Dampfer Sydland von einem Deutschen Unterseeboot

am 8. August 1918 angehalten worden ist. Auf Grund der Charter party und des

gsuizlichen Fehlens jeder Deutschen Bescheinigung, dass das Schiff fur den Dienst

der Commission of Belgian Relief bestimmt, ist das Schiff aufgebracht, da der Verdacht

der feindlichen Bestimmung als bewiesen gilt.

J. Knoeckel, Obit. z. S,

Shipowners: S. S. "Sydland, '*

Axel Brostrom & Co. the 19. .

Goteborg.

I certify that the steamer Sydland was^ stopped by a German submarine on
Augiist 8, 1918. The ship is captured as the suspicion of the hostile intentions is
considered proved by reason of the charter party and the complete lack of any German
certificate that the ship is intended for the service of the Commission of Belgian Relief.

J. Knoeckel, Lieutenant.

On August 11 the British S. S. Pennistonej 4,139 gross tons, was
torpedoed and sunk about 1 mile astern of latitude 39° 50' N., longi-
tude 67° 25' W.; and on the same day the Herman WinteVy^^ 2,625
gross tons, an American steamship, was attacked in latitude 40° 45'
N. and longitude 67° 10' W.

David Evans, the master of the Pennistonej was taken aboard the
submarine when his vessel was destroyed and remained a prisoner
for six days. He' tells an interesting story of the loss of his ship and
of his subsequent captivity.

The Pennistone left New York on the 9th of August in convoy. There were 18 all
told in the convoy at the time I was torpedoed and we were the last ship in the right
wing of the column. Our escort was at the head of the formation with one cruiser.
At time of attack, we were about 3 miles behind convoy in latitude 39° 46^, longitude
67° 3(K. The weather conditions were fair, with a moderate sea.

The first indication we had of the attack was when we were struck about 10 a. m.,
August 11. We were hit on the starboard side, engine room. The signal man told
me that he saw the torpedo about 15 feet away. I know we did not strike a mine.
We started to sink. The explosion smashed one lifeboat, so we got out in two small

w The Herman Winter was reported as sunk at the time of the attack, but this report proved to be
false.

)

62 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

boats. We sent out an S O S after we had been hit. Our speed was 8 knots. The
speed of the convoy was 8i or 9. We had fallen behind during the night from 4
o'clock till morning (up to time we were hit). We were driving along as hard as we
could to get up to them. The cruiser came back about 8 o'clock and warned us for
keeping behind. We were not zigzagging.

It took us five or ten minutes to get away in the small boats. There were 41 in our
crew. One of our engineers was killed and a fireman. There were only 39 in the boats
when I counted them. We rowed away from the ship. The submarine did not come
to the surface. The ship went down almost to her decks and then she hung. The
wireless ofiicer, third engineer, and three gunners, signalman, and one fireman were in
our boat when I saw she was hanging. I was going to go aboard her, but when we
were about 20 yards from ship the submarine came up alongside of us. She came up
broadside. She came toward us, we went alongside, and I went on board. They
asked for the captain and I said I was the captain, although I was not in uniform.
When I was in the submarine, they kept the boat alongside and the boarding oflScer
and two men went on board and went on the boat. They went to my room and took
some clothing and shoes. I was sent down below immediately when I went on the
submarine, but was not covered by guns. They took bombs on board our boat.
It took the boarding officer about ten minutes to bomb our boat and sink her. I did
not see her sink or hear the explosion; they just told me that she had sunk. I did not
destroy the confidential publications before they got on board. I did not have my
plans on board. I had Instructions for Ship Masters, Ocean Code, Marconi Code, and
Radio Code. I don't know whether the radio operator destroyed them. They were
eft on the ship as far as I know.

I was aboard the submarine from noon on Sunday to noon on Saturday — six days.

1 was rescued by a Norwegian steamer. As soon as the crew of the submarine saw
smoke on the horizon I was sent below. I was about an hour and a half below when
the commander sent for me to come on deck. He said he was going to sink the Nor-
wegian boat and that I was entitled to go with the crew of the Norwegian steamer in
the lifeboats or stay on the submarine. I chose the lifeboats. The boats came
alongside of the submarine with Norwegian crew in it and I went on board the boat.
The crew of the submarine gave me provisions for three or four days. They told us
how to make the beach and told us we were 84 miles from Cape Sable. The Derby-
shire picked us up at half past 2, August 18. We had been in the open boats from
half past 1 till half past 2 — 25 hours.

The crew of the submarine told me it was 200 feet long. The breadth was about 25
or 30 feet, I should say. It had two guns, one forward and one aft; the forward gun
was about 20 feet from conning tower, the after gun 25 to 30 feet. Both guns were of
same size and caliber, 15 centimeters or 5.9. The barrel was about 10 feet long. The
ammunition was kept under deck almost amidships, just aft of the conning tower.
There was a tube from the deck down to the locker where the ammunition was kept
and a- small derrick fitted under the conning tower to go over these tubes. They had
cases to put the shells in and heave them up. They hoisted, the supply up through
the tube to the gun. It was fixed ammunition in big brass cases, somewhere about

2 feet long. Judging by the looks of the shells, they would weigh about 50 or 60
pounds. The shell was about 6 inches and had a brass cap on the end of it. I saw them
using them on Friday afternoon. At that time they fired on an American oil tanker,
but they did not get it, as she was too fast for them. Whenever anything w:as doing I
was sent below, that is, as soon as smoke was seen on the horizon; at all other times I
was allowed roam of the deck. She had a smooth deck as far as I know, except the
hatches. She had one anchor on the starboard side, just flush of the water. They
told me she was of the same class as the Deutschland. Her bow sloped away gradually
into the water. The conning tower was rounded and had three steps gqing up on after
end. The conning tower was of iron. She had a screen and a periscope coming up

THE U-156. w 63

from conning tower right in the middle. She had two periscopee— one on starboard
side of conning tower, the other in the conning tower. She had two wires running
from conning tower aft, fastened to a stanchion on the conning tower on the starboard
side. They rail aft to same place. These wires were for wireless (radio wires); she
had no wire from forward to conning tower. She had two masts for wireless that she
could raise up. They were about 30 feet high. She used to put them up sometimes.
There were two wires on these. There was about 120 feet space between these poles.
They lay right on deck and were made of thin steels. The poles were 6 or 8 inches in
diameter. The wires were always fastened to poles. It took three men to raise the
poles up. They had guide wires for them and the guide wires fastened on the after
pole. The poles braced each other. The two of them came up forward. They were
lying down aft. There was a guiding wire from the forward one of the deck. All they
did was to connect the wires on them onto the other wireless. They made the connection
on the conning tower. The deck was sloped. About three feet from the curve up to
the top of the rail there was a platform. There were three holes in the curve-like
steps. I, when boarding submarine, jiunped right from boat to curve. The sub-
marine was painted gray (old paint). They told me she had been out for two months.
There was no name or number on submarine, neither were the names on caps the
same. One of the caps had the name '^Porsen,'' another the German words meaning
"Under the sea boat."

While on the submarine, I was quartered along with the sailors and firemen. There
were about 40 men in the one room. We slept on wooden lockers. They gave me a
kit the same as a man-of-war is given, with a hammock and a thin mattress. There
were 77 men on board. There were five on watch always. Some of the crew were
active service men, others were Reserves. The skipper was an active service man,
but I could not say as to his rank. I do not know the names of any of the ofiicers.
The discipline on board was very lax. There was disagreement between officers and
sailors and firemen. Captain did not mix much with crew, except to pass time of day.

I noticed her torpedo tubes back of forward end. She had just one tube on port side
and the only time I saw that, they were just finishing putting a torpedo in after the one
they used on me. Then the place was closed up. I don't know whether the sub-
marine carried mines. There were iron doors at the torpedo locker.

Thererwas no machinery in the crew's quarters. There were some stores underneath
the deck. There were iron shutters and underneath were little compartments. I
saw them getting stores up one day. The second compartment was about 35 to 40
feet long. I was not in the first compartment. After crew's quarters there was an
alleyway to the right forward hatch. There were some rooms there *on the right
where some of the petty officers used to live. After that came the officers' mess rooms
and the officers' and commanders' rooms. On the left of the alleyway there was nothing.
AUejrway ran along the left side of craft, not amidship. T was not in the officers' mess
rooms. The officers had separate staterooms. There were three or four on each side,
occupying a space of about 50 or 60 feet to a place called the "Central," where the con-
trolling valves were. The conning tower rose right above the central quarters. There
were two decks — one into lower part of conning tower and the second in the top of the
conning tower. We went on deck through forward hatch by way of an iron ladder.
There was just one flight to main deck. The air in the submarine was very foul;
they did not seem to have many ventilators. There was one ventilator on forward
deck that opened right into hold. I only saw that open up once, and as soon as the
alarm was given a man was ordered to take that down. Just aft of the central compart-
ment was where the munition lockers were. The munition lockers were on both
sides. Aft of munition lockers there were rooms for the engineers and the galley was
in the after end of the engine room. I never was in the engine room. The farthest
aft I ever got was to engineers' quarters. The place seemed to be full of engines. I
could not say how many engines there were. There were engines on the starboard

64 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

side and engines on Jbhe other side and engines in the middle. There seemed to be no
longitudinal in engine room. There was a horizontal wheel controlling the periscope.
The glass of t)ie periscope was not more than an inch in diameter, so far as I cotdd see.
There were some figures on the line of vision in periscope. These figures were on
horizontal line.

The captain of the submarine was a man about 5 feet 7 inches. He was about 30
years, German appearing, and weighed about 170 pounds. He was fair, had a fresh
complexion and blue eyes, light eyebrows, medium nose. He was of very military
appearance. He spoke English, but not very well. The man next in command was
thinner than the captain. He was about 35 years old, weighed about 150 pounds, and
was about the same height as the captain. They looked healthy and were tan. The
second commander had a little mustache. He also was fair. I would recognize these
men if I were to see them again. The first officer was the best EngHsh-speaking man.
The boarding officer had whiskers, weighed about 140 pounds, was about 5 feet 6
inches. He spoke very little English. Boarding officer was about 30 or 35 years old.

The officers wore American dungarees and had on their caps, indicating commis-
sioned officers. The ages of the crew ranged between 20 and 30 years. All were young
men. The crew was very contented. We had tea and coffee, bread and butter and
marmalade, all tin stuff. There was a little sugar, but not much. Crew got very
little sugar, and butter was not very good. Everything was canned, even the bread.
The bread was dark and was made up in tins.

Several of the crew spoke English and some of them had been sailing on the Ham-
burg-American Line and on the North German Lloyd Line. The war was never
mentioned. We did not discuss the sinking of ships and they never asked me for any
information whatsoever. They treated me fairly well, and never jeered or insulted
me. The submarine had been out two months and was supposed to stay another
month. The submarine ran on the surface all the time and they did not submerge from
Sunday till Thursday afternoon. We just ran along slowly, and two or three nights we
just lay to. We never sighted anything from Sunday till Thursday afternoon. We
were probably somewhere around the entrance of New York. After that we started
north, then south again. We did not sight land at all. I spent most of my time on
deck. The speed on the surface was about 12. They fixed about 40 shots after an
American oil tanker from the forward gun, as I stated above, but she got away. The
first I knew of the oil tanker was when I was ordered below, then I felt the vibration
of the shots. The guns appeared to be far too heavy for the ship. The oil tanker
made smoke like a fog and got away. That was Friday afternoon. The nisxt thing
attacked wacTthe Norwegian San Jose, which they sank. They sank her with bombs,
but did not torpedo her. We saw one explosion from out lifeboat about 5 o'clock,
and we had left at half past 1. At about 6 we could see nothing. -

From the 11th until the 16th, when the British steamer LdcJcavxinna
was gmmed, the movements of the U-166 are not definitely known.
At 3.20 that afternoon when the Ldckawanna was in latitude 40° 45'
N., longitude 64° 40' W., the officer on wateh sighted a periscope
about 2,000 yards away. Shortly after two torpedoes were fired from
the submarine, the first passing about 20 feet astern and the second
being diverted by gunfire. After this failure the submarine opened
fire with her bow gun, closing up to 1,200 yards and holding her
position in spite of the eflFort of the merchantman to put on speed
and escape. The submarine fired rapidly and badly, as none of the
40 shells took effect. The LacJcawanria returned the fire and her
twentieth shot was observ^ed to take eflFeot on the bow of the sub-

THE U-166. 65

marine, which submerged very soon afterwards, while the steamer
made the best of the opportunity to escape.

On the following day the Norwegian steamer, San Jose, 1,586 gross
tons, in ballast from Bergen to New York, sighted the TJ-156 emerging
• from the water in latitude 42° 10' N., longitude 64° 42' W. The
submarine opened fire as soon as she was on the surface and the steamer
at once hove to and stopped her engines. Acting upon orders from
the raider the master of the San Jose rowed to the submarine, took a
prize officer and crew into his small boat, and returned to his ship.
The prize officer examined the papers of the steamer and despite the
protests of her captain decided that she must be sunk. Capt. David
Evans, of the PenutonCj was placed in boat with the master of the
San Jose, who was given a receipt for his vessel signed by **Knoeckel,
Oberleutnant zur See,'' informed the best direction to make sail, and
ordered to leave the vicinitv. The crew of the San Jose saw their
ship settling in the water as they pulled away but did not hear the
explosion of the bombs'which sank her. The boats of the San Jose
were picked up almost immediately by the British S. S. Derbyshire
which was so near at the time of the sinking of the San Jose that they
heard the explosion of the bombs aboard her.

After this sinking the submarine made her way to the northward,
where, on August 20, she made a new attack on the fishing fleet. The
results of this fresh outbiu*st of '^schrecJclichJceW was the sinking of 11
fishing vessels, only one of which registered above 160 gross tons.

The method used in this attack was entirely new, the first step
being the capture of the 239-ton Canadian steam trawler Triumph
and the arming of the prize as a raider. The story of th^ seizure as
told by the crew of the trawler is as follows:

At 12.10 p. m., August 20, 1918, ship's time, approximately 60 miles S. by W. off
Canso, Nova Scotia, the captain and crew of the Triumph sighted the conning tower
of a submarine, coming out of the water astern, 1} to 2 miles away.

Five minutes later a shot was fired, landing in the water over port side about amid-
ships. Engines were stopped, lifeboats manned, and hasty preparations were made
to shove off, taking practically no belongings except a box of biscuits for each boat.

After putting off, the submarine came up to within 50 yards of the trawler and Capt.
G. Myhre proceeded for the side of the submarine in a dingy with the ship's papers and
articles, while the other boats laid by. The commander of the submarine took the
papers from the captain and ordered him aboard. He then ordered another one of
the lifeboats to come alongside. The 11 men in this boat were ordered aboard the sub.

The Germans then put armament into the lifeboat and proceeded with two of the
Triumph crew to board the ship. The armament taken aboard consisted of the fol-
lowing:

(a) Either one or two 3-pounders, not assembled, including base and all.

(5) Approximately 25 high-explosive bombs, about 1 to 1) feet in height and 6 to 9
inches in breadth, with time attachment visible. ^

(c) A large sea bag, the contents of which were not visible or possible to learn, it
being about twice the size the Navy regulation sea bag.

181062*— 20 6

66 GBBMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

(d) Two large boxes of 3-pound shells. Three or four members of the submarine
crew spoke Norw^^n and English, while others spoke English; one petty officer who
spoke excellent Norwegian and English stated that he had been sailing on Norw^;ian
ships previous to the war.

It was 12.35 p. m. when the crew (new crew) was aboard the Triumph and had the
engines running, but they did not move until 1.15 p. m., the time that the Triumph
crew left the submarine.

As soon the Triumph had been armed the Germans carried into
execution the plan for the destruction of the fishing fleet. While
the submarine remained partially submerged at a distance of 3 miles
or more the new raider, known by sight to almost the entire fishing
fleet, stopped and destroyed the American schooners A. Piatt Andrew,
141 gross tons; Francis J, O'Hara, Jr., 117 gross tonS; Sylvania, 136
gross tons, and the Canadian schooners I/aciUe M. SchnarCj 121 gross
tons, and Pasadena, 119 gross tons. The Uda A, Saunders, 124
gross tons, another Canadian schooner, was sunk by the submarine
on the same day. The ease with which the Germans accomplished
their purpose, as a result of their strategy, is shown by the testimony
of the survivors of the destroyed vessels.

On August 20, at about 2.45 p. m.

said Capt. Wallace Bruce, of the A, Piatt Andrew,

the schooner was about 55 miles south half east off Canso, Nova Scotia, when the beam
trawler Triumph approached to within about one half mile of my schooner and
suddenly commenced firing shots or shells, which fell in the water ahead of the
schooner. I thereupon caused the schooner to lie to and shortly thereafter was
ordered by an officer on board the trawler to come alongside in a dory with my ship's
papers. I carried out these instructions and upon arriving alongside the Triumph, I
found that she had been seized by the crew of a German submarine and converted into
a raider with a rapid-fire gun fore and aft.

Three members of the German crew, armed with revolvers and carrying bombs, then
got into my dory. We were ordered to abandon ship and take to our dories. We
were given only a few minutes and had not sufficient time to save but very little of
our personal effects.

About 15 minutes after we abandoned ship the bombs which had been placed amid-
ships exploded and the schooner sank; we saw the submarine, painted a dark color,
about 4 or 5 miles south by southwest.

The German officers and crew appeared to be healthy and well fed, the crew wear-
ing soiled white uniforms and the officers dark colored uniforms; there were about 15
German officers and men on board the Triumph,

Joseph P. Mesquita, master of the Francis J. O^Hara, Jr., made the
following statement:

We left Gloucester August 17 with complete outfits and supplies aboard bound on
a fishing trip to Quero Bank. We had fine weather and with our power going, made
good time and we arrived on the Middle Ground of Western Bank on Tuesday after-
noon, August 20. I had intended to go directly to Quero, but saw two vessels to the
eastward of us; one of them had anchored and the other was laying up in the wind,
and with my glasses I could see that they were fishing. I could see a beam trawler
steaming up between the two of them, so I decided that I would go up and speak to
the vessel which was laying to and find out what kind of fishing they were having.

THE U-156. 67

On getting nearer, I made out that the vessel was the schooner A. Piatt Andrew of
Gloucester, and I was going up alongside her to speak to the captain when the beam
trawler approached us under full steam. I could see that it was the trawler Triumph
of Halifax, as we had fished alongside of him on our last trip and I knew the captain
of her quite well. I ^id not mistrust anything out of the way until they got within
150 yards of us, when they stopped their visssel and the captain, through a megaphone,
ordered lis to heave our vessel to. I thought the captain was joking with us and kept
on toward the A. Piatt Andrew y and the first thing we knew four shots were fired
across our bow from rifles. We brought our vessel up in the wind and the beam trawler
came up alongside of us and I then saw that she was manned by a German crew and had
a German flag at her masthead. The captain ordered me to come aboard of his vessel
with our papers, so I took one of my dories and with one of the ( rew rowed aloi^side
of him and the German gave me quite a calling down for not stopping my vessel sooner
and said that if we expected him to do the right thing, we would have to do the right
thing by him. He then ordered three of his men to come in the dory with me and
they brought a bomb along. The bomb was a small round thing and they had it in a
bag and hung it under the stem with a line. They took one of our other dories and
after touching off the fuse, returned to the beam trawler. The bomb exploded shortly
after they left and the vessel went down stern first, the topmast being the last thing to
disappear. In the meantime, we had forgotten all about the A. Piatt Andrew ^ but
shortly before they blew up my vessel, we heard a muffled explosion and saw the
A. Piatt Andrew go down. All of this happened in about one half or three quartcfis
of an hoiur and the vessel went down about 3.30 in the afternoon. We were then about
55 miles south half east from Canso so the crew and myself started in our dories and
rowed toward land. A small fishing boat picked us up off Canso and took us into
Matthews & Scott's wharf, arriving there at about 9 o'clock in the morning of August
21. I telegraphed home the loss of my vessel and got in communication with the
American consul who sent us home to Gloucester. I arrived home Sunday, August 25.

Only one of the schooners, the TJda A, Saunders, was sunk by the
submarine.

The submarine came up on our bow and came right alongside, her decks awash.
She was about 280 feet lon^, with guns fore and aft. I was practically alone on the
vessel, all but three of the crew being out in the boats from half mile to a mile away.
The Huns hailed us and ordered a dory alongside. I sent two men out to her in a
dory and three of the raider's crew came aboard. "Don't be afraid," said the one
who appeared to be in command. "We are going to sink your vessel. I will give
you 10 minutes to gather up food and water enough to last you until you get ashore. "
One of the Boches set about storing bombs below and soon after we left the Uda A., I
heard a muffled explosion, the two masts broke ofl short, she seemed to cnunple in
the center and immediately went under. We had enough food and water, but the
men in the other dories had only their working clothes and we who were on board had
only the barest necessities. The Hun commander took all my papers and the flag.
We set out for the nearest shore and rowed 18 hours before landing. We had 700
quintals of fish and 7 casks of oil.^^

T

On the 21st the Triumph , accompanied by the U-166, stopped the
French fishing schooner Notre Dame de la Garde, 145 tons gross, in
latitude 45° 32' N., longitude 58° 57' W., and sank her with bombs,
giving the crew scant time to take to the boats. (The vessel had
aboard at the time 640,000 pounds of fish.)

» story of Capt. Pablioover of the Uda A. Saundert, Gloucester Times, August 20, 1918.

68 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

After sinking the Notre Dame ck la 'Garde the submarine again
disappeared for three days, resuming her activities on August 25
by the sinking of the small British S. S. EriCj 583 gross tons. The
following account of the sinking of this ship is taken from the report
made by British communication officers to the Admiralty.

The unarmed British steamer EriCj 610 tons gross, carrying a crew of 18 all told,
owned by James Speir, Ltd., of St. Johns, Newfoundland, and under charter of the
Government of Newfoundland, was sunk by a German submarine on August 25, 1918.

The Ericy 610 gross tons, left St. Johns, Newfoundland, on August 23, 1918, for
Sydney, Nova Scotia; she was in ballast and was to make the voyage without any
intermediate stops. The master of the Erie was Capt. W. Lane, of 43 Longsail
street, St. Johns, Newfoundland.

About 1.30 a. m., on August 25, 1918, the Eric was about 70 miles NW. by W. from
Gidantry Light, St. Pierre. She was proceeding straight on her course; was not
zigzagging. The Eric was entirely darkened, but there was a nearly full moon,
giving a fair degree of visibility. There was no land in sight, St. Pierre, about 70
miles distant, being the nearest land.

The first intimation that the crew of the Eric had of the presence of a submarine
was a shot which hit the steamer, about 1.30 a. m. This shot was followed by six
other shots in rapid succession, four more of tiiem hitting the steamer. The steamer
wKs badly damaged, her wireless apparatus being put out of commission by the first
shot, her smokestack being knocked down by the second one. Five men, including
the captain, mate, and chief engineer, were wounded by pieces of shell and by flying
debris. The captain of the Eric judges that the shots were fired from a distance of
about 2 miles. The .£Wc stopped immediately after the firing began. No torpedoes
were used.

A few minutes after the firing had ceased the submarine was seen by the crew of
the Eric right alongside the steamer by the stem. Some one aboard the submarine
hailed the Eric and asked if anyone had been killed by the shells fired ; on being told
that no one was killed, the man aboard the submarine said that he was glad, as he
was after ships and not lives. The submarine crew did not board the Eric when they
came alongside but ordered the crew of the Eric to come on board the submarine.
There was but one boat of the Ericas complement of lifeboats left, a small one capable
of carrying only four persons. In this boat the Ericas crew rowed over to the submar-
ine, four at a time.

. When the captain of the Eric got on board the submarine, the submarine commander
informed him that in view of the fact that there were not sufficient boats in which
to put him and his crew, he would keep them aboard the submarine until he found
a vessel with sufficient boats to accommodate them.

The captain of the Eric went below when he boarded the submarine; some of his
crew, however, remained on deck. These men saw men from the submarine board
the Eric and sink her by placing bombs aboard her.

On going below aboard the submarine the woimded men from the Eric had their
wounds dressed by a doctor, a yoimg man about 25 years old. The crew of the Eric
were given coffee aboard the submarine and the officers were given coffee, brandy,
and cigarettes. The commander of the submarine told the captain of the Eric that
he would put him and his crew aboard the first vessel found having enough boats to
accommodate them. He asked the captain of the Eric if he had passed a fishing
schooner a few hours before and gave its position as best he could.

About 6 a. m. the submarine sighted the Newfoundland schooner Willie G. The
submarine went alongside the Willie G. and the submarine commander inquired
r^arding the number of boats she carried. On being informed thatsheonly carried
dx small dories, he said that these were not enough to accommodate the crew of the

THE U-156. 69"

Eric and the crew of the Willie G. and that therefore he would send the Eric's crew
aboard the Willie G. and would not sink her, as he had intended doing. This was
done, and the Willie G. brought the crew of the Eric to St. Pierre, arriving there about
10 a. m. on August 26. The Willie G. was only about 25 miles from St. Pierre when
the submarine overtook her and put the Eric's crew aboard.

Three hours after the survivors of the steamer had been placed
aboard the WiUie G. the submarine was again in the midst of the
little schooners and by noon had sent to the bottom the E. B, Walters,
126 tons, the C. M, Walters, 107 tons, the Vema D. Adams, 132 tons,
and the J. J. Flaherty, 162 tons. The last mentioned vessel was an
American, the other three of Canadian register.

The position of the vessels above mentioned at the time the submarine was first
sighted was latitude 46° 33^ N,, longitude 57° 33^ W. This was also their, position
whei^ sunk, as they were all at anchor and did not move. The date of the sinking
was August 25, 1918, the time about 10.30 or 11 o'clock a. m. At the time the sub-
marine appeared the vessels were at anchor within about one-half to 1 mile apart.
The crews of the first three were aboard the vessels, as the Canadian fishermen do
not fish on Simday.

The submarine was first sighted by the crew of the E, B. Walters. When first
sighted, the submarine was about 2 miles NW. of the E. B. Walters. The crew of the
E. B. Walters were not alarmed when they sighted the submarine, as they mistook
it for a* Canadian patrol boat. The submarine approached the E. B. Walters y traveling
slowly on the surface. When the submarine was within about 50 yards of the E. B.
Walters^ the crew of the schooner saw the German flag on a small flagstaff just behind
the small deck house or conning tower of the submarine. At this juncture a large
man in imiform hailed the E. B. Walters from the deck of the submarine. He ordered
the captain to come aJong^de the submarine in a dory, and ordered the crew of the
schooner to leave the vessel as quickly as possible. Capt. Cyrus Walters rowed
alongside the submarine in one of the schooner's dories. As he got alongside he said,
"You are not going to sink my schooner, are you?" Some one from the submarine's
deck answered, "That's just exactly what we are going ta do." Four men from the
submarine deck then jumped into the dory with Capt. Cyrus Walters and rowed to
the E. B. Walters, These men boarded the schooner and Capt. W^alters gave them
the ship's papers. Capt. Walters reports that the men from the submarine ransacked
the ship, even going through the chests of the crew in the forecastle. He saw them
pile up a large quantity of canned goods from the vessel's stores near the dory in which
they had come aboard. Capt. Walters and his crew hastily packed up a few personal
belongings and got into the dories and pulled away from the vessel . About 10 minutes
after they had left the vessel they heard an explosion aboard the schooner and in
about five minutes they saw the schooner sink.

The four men from the submarine who had boarded the E. B. Walters and sunk her,
rowed back to the submarine in the dory which they had taken from the vessel just
sunk. The submarine towed the dory alongside the C. M. Walters which was lying
about one-half mile distant. WTien the submarine was within about 25 yards of the
C. M. Walters the four men rowed to the schooner in the dory and demanded the
ship's papers from Capt. Wilson Walters, the master. They ordered him and the
crew to leave the schooner as quickly as possil^le, which they did in about 15 minutes.
Before they left the vessel they saw tiie four men from the submarine arranging the
bomb with which to sink the schooner. The bomb was pulled under the keel of the
vessel amidships. About 10 minutes after the master and crew of the C. M. Walters
had left the vessel they heard an explosion and in about three minutes the schooner
sank, stem first.

V

70 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

The submarine, with the dory of the E. B, Walters in tow, then approached the
Vema D. Adams. The master and crew of this schooner had left the vessel before the
submarine approached them. The four men who had sunk the two other schooners
rowed over to the Vema D. Adams and boarded her. The men from the submarine
stayed aboard the Adams longer than aboard any of the other vesselsL Capt. Mosher
of the Adams says that he had a large supply of stores aboard, especially of canned
foods, and believes many articles were removed from the schooner and taken aboard
the submarine. The Vema D. AdoTns was sunk by a bomb placed aboard in the same
manner as was done with the other two vensels.

After disposing of the three Canadian vessels the submarine turned
its attention to the J. J. Flaherty j which was boarded and destroyed
in the same way as the others.

On the morning of August 26 the raider captured and sank by
bombs the Canadian fishing schooner Gloaming, 130 gross tons, in
latitude 46° 02' N., longitude 57° 35' W. ^ "

After the attack on the Gloaming the TJ-156 began her homeward
voyage. On August 31 the U. S. S. West Haven, 5,699 gross tons, a
Naval Overseas Transportation ship, was attacked and shelled in lati-
tude 44° 20' N., longitude 51° 09' W.; but succeeded in escaping.
The West Haven sent a radio message from the above location: "8.25
a. m. Attacked by an enemy submarine which opened fire upon us.
Immediately brought guns into action. At 8.46 a. m. enemy subma-
rine ceased firing and turned broadside to."

The TJ-166 was the only one of the enemy submarines dispatched to
the American coast that failed to return to her base in safety. After
remaining in the North Sea during the concentration therQ, this vessel
which had worked such havoc with the fishing industry of the Atlantic
coast attempted to run the northern mine barrage. She struck a
mine and was so damaged that she sank in a short time. Twenty-one
survivors were landed on the Norwegian coast shortly after the signing
of the armistice ; the fate of the rest of the crew is unknown.

THE CRUISE OF U-140.

Within a week (June 22, 1918) after the U-JJ^had commenced her
voyage to the American Atlantic coast the TJ-lIfi, a cruiser subma-
rine mounting two guns and commanded by Korvettenkanitan
Kophamel, left Eael for the same destination. She proceeded north
of the Shetland Islands and had her first encounter of the voyage on
July 14, when an alio was received from the U. S. S. Harrisburg,^^
giving her position as latitude 45° 33' N., longitude 41° W.

On the 18th the American tanker, Joseph Cudahy, 3,302 tons gross,
which had been obliged to fall behind her convoy because of her slow
speed, reported that she was being gunned in latitude 41° 15' N.,
longitude 52° 18' W. Two days later the cruiser Galveston announ^'ed
that she had received a radio purporting to come from the Cudahy

^^■^■^^M^^^— i^^— — W^— — — — ^ II ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ . — ■ ^■ I. ■ ■■■ ■ — I ■■■ ■ ■ ■ ■■■■■■ , ■ _ , — ^^^— ^^— 1^— B^— — ^M^w— ^— %

tt The Harrit^rg sighted the U-lse three days later.

THE U-140, 71

reporting her position from a confidential reference point. In view of
tiie vessel's speed, which was known to be 9 knots, and of the fact
that her armament consisted. of 3-inch gtins, it was believed that
this message was a decoy; that the Cudahy had been captured and
that her confidential publications were in the hands of the Germans.
The message, however, proved to be genuine, the merchant ship hav-
ing escaped without damage.

On the 26th the British steamer MdUia, 13,967 gross tons, was
gunned in latitude 38*' 42' N., longitude 60® 58' W., and later the
same day the British Major, 4,147 tons gross, was attacked by the
submarine in the same locality; both vessels escaped.**

The following day the TJ-HO registered her first sinking when in
latitude 38° 25' 36" N., longitude 61** 46' 30" W., she captured the
Portuguese bark Porto, 1,079 gross tons, bound from Savannah to
Oporto. Capt. Jose Tude d'Oliveisa da Velha made the following
statement to the American naval authorities:

The Porto sailed under the Portuguese flag. Including myself there were 18 in the
crew. Every member of the cre^ was Portuguese. On the 11th of July we sailed from
Savannah, Ga., bound for Oporto with a cargo of 600 bales of cotton and barrel staves.
We had on board provisions for six months. The ship 's stores were of a general nature.
The Porto was not armed. The submarine was first seen July 27, about 11 a. m. It was
then about 2 miles off the starboard bow. She was on the surface and gradually ap-
proached us. When the submarine was about 2 miles off she fired three shots, after which
we hove to. The submarine then came alongside the bark, while we were still aboard,
and tied up. The commander of the submarine and one officer and a seaman who
spoke Spanish asked for the ship's papers. I gave the commander of the submarine
all the ship's papers, including the manifest, bill of lading, and everything. None of
the nautical instruments were taken by the Germans because we managed to conceal
ihem. One of the first things they inquired about was whether or not we had on board
any pork or chickens. When I replied yes, they proceeded to remove all the pork and
chickens we had on board. While we were tied alongside, the Germans for five hours
took the supplies from our ship and put them on the submarine by the use of planks.
In addition to the pork and chickens the crew took practically all of the ship's stores.
None of the crew of the Porto helped in removing the supplies from our ship to the
submarine, it was done by the crew of the submarine. No member of the crew of the
Potrto at any time boarded the submarine. The crew of the Porto did not wait until
all the supplies were removed to the submarine, but shoved off in the two large lifeboats
from the Porto after about half an hour. After shoving off in the lifeboats we remained
in sight of the bark and the submarine until the bark was sunk. The Porto was sunk
at about 5.30 p. m. with bombs and shell fire. No ships were seen at any time while
the submarine was in our sight.

The commander was tall and slim, with a short mustache, dressed in brown. I did
not notice whether or not he had on any stripes. The commander was about 35 years *
old. There must have been about 90 men composing the crew of the submarine, as they
were all on the deck at one time or another. The Porto was 216 feet long, and as the
submarine lay alongside she was just a little bit smaller.

The submarine was painted gray. The gun on the stem was larger than the gun on
the bow. I do not know the caliber of the gun. The stem gun was about 15 feet long.

" The Mditia exchanged shots with the submarine, but the range was too great for effective fire from
either.

72 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

and the bow gun about 12 feet long. She had one conning tower located in the center.
The number **U-19' ' was painted in white on the bow. The submarine had no flag or
ensign. The German commander did not give me a receipt for my ship. Some of the
crew of the Porto engaged in conversation with the submarine crew in Spanish, but it
only concerned the provisions. Neither I nor any member of the crew ascertained how
long the submarine had been out or what their plans were. The commander con-
versed with me through an interpreter who was a member of the crew of the submarine
and who carried binoculars and did not wear a hat. The interpreter through whom
the submarine commander spoke, spoke a very pure Spanish, and I believe he was not
a German.

On July 30 the American S. S. Kermanshah, 4,947 gross tons, was
attacked by the submarine in latitude 38° 24' N., longitude 68° 41' W.
In an interview with Robert H. Smith, master of the ship, with the
United States naval authorities, he says:

The Kermanshahy owned by the Kerr Steamship Corporation, arrived at New York
July 30, 1918, from Havre via Plymouth, in water ballast. She carried three naval
radio operators and an American-armed guard crew of 21 men under the command
of M. Coffey, C. G. M., U. S. N. Her armament consisted of one 4-inch gun astern
and a 2-pounder forward.

On July 30, at 11.45 a. m. (ship's time), while in latitude 38° 24^ N., longitude
68° 4V W., the captain was standing in the chart-room doorway and sighted the wake
of a torpedo headed toward the after part of the port side of the Kermanshah. He ran
on deck, let the ship run off about four points to starboard, and the torpedo missed the
stern by 10 or 15 feet. The helm was eased a trifle so that the ship would not be
swinging too quickly to starboard in the event another torpedo was sighted. The
ship had no sooner steadied a little when the wake of another torpedo was seen
approaching amidships on the starboard side. The captain immediately put the
helm hard to starboard with the idea of throwing the ship in a course parallel to that
of the torpedo. In this he was successful, the torpedo passing the starboard bow about
5 feet away.

As soon as the second wake was sighted the commander of the armed guard fired
one round from the 4-inch gun astern, the shot being directed at the spot the wake
started from. The explosion that followed sounded like the bursting of the shell
against a hard object, which gave the captain the impression that a hit had been made.
After following a northerly course at full speed of 9.5 knots for about 15 or 20 minutes,
the submarine was sighted on the horizon about 4 miles distant, the gun crew imme-
diately opening fire. After a few rounds it was seen that the submarine was out of
range and fire was stopped. As the submarine made no attempt to chase or fire on the
ship, the captain believes there is some basis for assuming that the first shot had some
effect.

Alio and SOS messages were sent out immediately after the first torpedo missed,
giving position and stating that the Kermanshah was being attacked and pursued.

At the time of the attack there was fine, clear weather, the sea fairly smooth, with
moderate south winds. The regular watch was on the aft gun platform; there were
lookouts in the crow's nests on the fore and main masts, but no periscope was sighted.

There was no telescope aboard the ship, and Capt. Smith having viewed the sub-
marine through ordinary binoculars, could furnish no identifying description. He
did not know whether any guns were mounted on her deck.

At 7 p. m. (ship's time), when about 60 miles north (true) of his noon position,
Capt. Smith was about to alter his course to the westward when the gun crew fired at
a periscope sighted off the starboard beam. After dark several decided changes were
made in the course and the submarine was not sighted again.

THE TJ-140. 73

Earlier in the day one of the g^n crew reported to the watch officer the sighting of a
email two-masted vessel. Gapt. Smith is of the opinion that it was a disguised sub-
marine, but could furnish no further details or r^son* for his belief.

The next victim of the U-I40 was the Japanese steamship Tolcuyama
Mam, 7,029 gross tons, which was torpedoed 200 miles southeast of
New York, in approximately latitude 39'' 12' N., longitude 70° 23' W.,
on August 1 at about 8 o'clo'ck in the evening. The ship struck ' Vas
hit on the starboard side under the bridge with a torpedo/' remained
afloat long enough to send an alio, but the submarine which launched
the torpedo was never sighted.

Another large ship was successfully attacked by the raider three
days later, when the tanker 0, B. Jennings^ a vessel of 10,289 gross
tons,^ after successfully avoiding a torpedo attack, was sunk by
gunfire after a battle lasting over two hours, in latitude 36° 40' N.,
longitude 73° 58' W. In his preliminary report to the naval authori-
ties, Capt. George W. Nordstrom said:

While on a voyage from Plymouth, England, to Newport News, Va., in ballast, on
August 4, 1918, in i^wition 36° 3(K N., 73"* 20' W., a torpedo was sighted about 1,000
yards, four points on port bow; by maneuvering ship, torpedo missed and passed 3 to
4 feet astern: At 9.30 a. m. the submarine opened fire from a distance of about 8
miles, and we immediately hoisted our flag and opened fire, after we broke our smoke
boxes out and made a smoke screen, changing course often to hide ship behind smoke
screen. At this time the submarine was obsejved five points abaft port beam. The
submarine followed us and kept shelling until 11.40 a. m., having our range finely all
the time, several shells bursting so close to ship that ship's side was punctured in
several places. At 11.40 a. m. a direct shot hit the engine room through the counter,
smashing port engine and wrecking main steam line. Several men were wounded.
At the same time another shell hit magazine and exploded, destroying all ammuni-
tion. Previous to this one man was killed by gunfire and some minor wounded on
deck. I pulled my colors down and sent out wireless calls. I surrendered at 11.45
a. m. , ordered all hands in the boats, and abandoned ship. Pulling away from the ship,
the submarine came up and interrogated boat crews, took second officer prisoner,
asking the boat crew where the captain was, and the crew answered, that the captain
was killed. Then the submarine returned to ship and commenced to shell her. We
pulled away to northward until out of sight, and then hauled around to westward. At
3 p. m. all boats together, sails set, course given by captain, compass regulated, and
commenced to sail for land. During the night the first officer's boat and chief
engineer's boat dropped out of sight. At 8.30 a. m. we were picked up by Italian
steamship Umhria and given food and relief. This ship took \i8 down off Currituck
beach, put the boat into water, and we sailed for shore. We landed 3.30 p. m. August
5, 1918.

At 9.30 a. m. sent out alio call and at 9.50 approximately sent out S O S at irregular
intervals thereafter. The surrend^ call was sent out on emergency set, as dynamo
was smashed.

Breech locks for our guns were thrown overboard upon the approach of the submarine
to the life boats. The telescope sights were left with the chief engineer's boat. Mov-
ing pictures were made of the 0. B. Jennings and her Ufeboats from the deck of the
submarine.

A more complete description of the attack, together with the
conversation of the survivors with the crew of the submarine, a

74 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

description of the raider, and the account of the rescue of survivors
by the U. S. §. fluZZ, is given in the report of the aid for information,
first naval district, to the Bureau of Operations.

At 9 a. m. (ATS), August 4, 1918, while proceeding at a speed of 10 knots, a torpedo
wake was sighted four points off port bow. Helm was put hard astarboard and quar-
ters was sounded and full speed ahead ordered. Jennings had been zigzagging and
continued to do so, holding the same course. About 9.30 a. m. several shots were
fired by the submarine, which was then sighted. The Jennings opened fire on the
submarine, which was then apparently 7 miles away. Shots from Jennings fell short.
Jennings continued at full speed, zigzagging and using smoke boxes. Submarine
continued firing, discharging about 40 or 50 shots at two-minute intervals. At 11.40
a. m. shot from submarine exploded in the engine room of the ship, disabling the
engine and wrecking the main steamline. A few minutes later another shell hit the
magazine, exploding and destroying all the ammunition remaining. Prior to this
time the Jennings had fired about 60 rounds at irregular intervals, causing submarine-
to submerge twice. During the engagement submarine fired 150 rounds at approxi
mately two-minute intervals. At 11.45 ship's flag was struck and wireless call sent
out that the Jennings had been captured. In this connection it had been the inten-
tion to use the word surrendered instead of captured.

Preparations were immediately made for abandoning the ship/ and at 12.20 p. m.
all survivors had left the ship in three small boats. Position of Jennin^gs at this time
was latitude 36° 40^ N., 74° W. Submarine then approached the Jennings and con-
tinued shelling her. The boats drew away from the vicinity and at 2.20 p. m. the
Jennings turned on port side and sank slowly, disappearing from view 15 minutes
later. At this time the lifeboat in charge of the first officer, W. J. Manning, was
about half a mile away from the Jennings, The lifeboat in chaige of the chief engi-
neer, Albert Lacy, was 2 miles ahead of the first officfir's boat and the boat in chaige
of the captain was ahead of the chief engineer's boat, thus the actual sinldng of the
Jennings was observed only by the first officer's boat. After the crew abandoned
the ship and before they were permitted to leave the vicinity the three boats were
called to the side of the submarine, and a conversation between the second officer of
the submarine and the men in charge of the three lifeboats took place as follows:
The officer of the submarine said: "We got you at last; I knew we would. What
damage did the shell in the engine room do?" Reply: ''Put the engine out of com-
mission." Question: "Where is the captain?" Answer: "He is dead." Question:
"Where is the chief wireless operator?" Answer: "I don't know; he must be dead,
too. " The above conversation was carried on by one of the men in the captain's boat,
during which time the captain and the chief wireless operator were both present, but
the captain's clothes had been placed on the body of the second steward, who had
been kiUed and left on the deck of the Jennings,

The chief engineer was in charge of one of the lifeboats, and in this lifeboat was also
one Rene Bastin, second officer on the 0, B. Jennings, who had joined the ship at
Southampton, England. Bastin insisted that he be permitted to speak with the
officer on the submarine and, despite the fact that he was slightly wounded, jumped
from the lifeboat to the deck of the submarine and began speaking rapidly in German
to the officer and men on the deck, finally shaking hands with them and without
further conversation with his companions in the lifeboat went below decks of the
submarine and never retiuned. The men and officers on the 0, B. Jennings had been
suspicious of this man during the entire voyage. At the time he joined the ship in
Southampton he claimed to be a Belgian and produced proper credentials to sub-
stantiate his claim. He spoke French and (rerman fluently. The captain of the
0, B, Jennings feels confident that this man could have been carrying no confidential
documents to the officers aboard the submarine. '

THE v-iaor. 75

The submarine was about 300 to 325 feet in length, and the top of the conning tower
was about 20 feet from the surface of the .water, very rusty looking, with a guard
around the propeller. It was armed with two guns, 6-inch caliber, barrel 2(Tieet long.
They were placed fore and aft and about 6 feet from the conning tower. There were
two periscopes about 5 inches in diameter on the conning tower. No masts or wireless
visible. Three officers and 30 men were observed on the deck of the submarine, all
dressed in regulation blue uniforms. The hat of the men had the inscription : " Under-
see Boat Deutchland Undersee Hamburg.'^

At 2.20 a. m., August 5, two boats in charge of the first officer and chief engineer
were picked up by the U. S. S. Hull. About 30 minutes before this occurred a sub-
marine was sighted moving slowly along the surface. Submarine passed about 50
yards from first officer's boat and about 300 yards from the captain's boat. Submarine
was about 300 feet long, conning tower about 20 feet from the surface of the water.

The U. S. S. Hull searched the vicinity for 30 minutes, endeavoring to locate the
captain's boat, but without success, as the captain refused to show any lights or
answer any s^als, believing, as he stated later, that the U. S. S. Hull was the sup-
posed submarine sighted about 30 minutes earlier. The only fatality was that of the
second steward. Several of the crew sustained minor injuries from shrapnel.

The reference to Rene Bastin made in the account of the rescue
of the survivors of the 0, B, Jennings is e;cplained and amplified by
the foUowing^ letter from the American Consulate at Havre, France:

I have the honor to report that, on January 4, 1919, Mr. Rene Henry Bastin, formeriy
second officer of the American S. S. 0. B. Jennings^ of New York, came to this con-
sulate and asked for relief and transportation to the United States, giving the following
explanation of his-Bituation:

The American S. S. 0. B, Jennings (gross tonnage 10,289 and net tonnage 7,890),
owned by the Standard Oil Co., Capt. Nordstrom, sailed from Plymouth, England,
for Newport News, Va., on July 20, 1918. On August 4, 1918, when about 60 miles
east of Newport News, it was attacked by a German submarine and sunk by gunfire.
Mr. Bastin was taken aboard the submarine as a prisoner of war, remaining on the
submarine for nearly three months, until its arrival at Kiel on October 25, 1918, when
he was transferred to a prisoners' camp.

The enemy submarine was U. K. 140 ^ being an armored cruiser submarine; 375 feet
long, drawing 23 feet, with freeboard 3 feet above the water line, armed with four
6-inch guns, carrying 35 torpedoes and having eight torpedo tubes and seven sets of
engines. Mr. Bastin says that the submarine carried a crew of no less than 102 men,
including the captain, seven officers, and a special prize crew.

During Mr. Bastin's enforced stay aboard the submarine he had many exciting
experiences. On August 5, 1918, the submarine sank the American S. S. Stanley
Seaman (?), of Boston. On August 17 it sank the Diamond Shoal Lightship and four
steamers, whose names are unknown to Mr. Bastin. On August 22, 1918, the sub-
marine torpedoed and sank a large British passenger steamer called the Diomed/
of Liverpool (gross tonnage 4,672). On September 20, 1918, the submarine attacked
a British tanker, the S. S. Lackawanna^ of Liverpool (4,125 tons), which, being armed,
succeeded in shooting away the conning tower of the submarine. (Note: It might be
stated here that on August 16 the Lackawanna had an engagement with the German
submaHne U-156, which is described in detail in this publication, under activities
of the U-156.) On October 1, 1918, the submarine attacked a convoy but was driven
away by destroyers. It succeeded, however, in torpedoing an unknown ship. .

While confined in close quarters aboard the German submarine Mr. Bastin naturally
suffered great hardship and mental torture. On several occasions the submarine was
closely attacked by destroyers, which dropped depth charges in dangerous proximity.
On these occasions Mr. Bastin said that the faces of the entire German crew blanched

76 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

with terror and he himself and the four or five other prisoners from different ships
sunk by the submarine awaited momentarily their end. The effect of this long con-
tinued rffbntal strain may well be imagined. Only those of robust physique and
well-balanced mentality could stand the strain.

Mr. Bastin said that the prisoners received the same food as the crew, this beings
in rotation, boiled barley one day, boiled rice the next day, and boiled macaroni the
third day, with roasted barley as a substitute for coffee. The prisoners were permitted
on deck only one and one-half hours each day, of which one hour was in the morning
and one-half hour in the afternoon. The remainder of the time was passed in the close
and noisome atmosphere of the engine rooms in the depths of the submarine. While
the ventilation was as good as can be attained on a submarine, the air was so heavy
with odors that the men were in a drowsy condition and slept most of the time. Oa
the whole, Mr. Bastin said that the treatment of the prisoners aboard was bad and the
supply of food inadequate. He felt sure that the German crew had been forced
aboard in Germany and everything was done according to the strictest military disci-
pline. As above stated, the submarine arrived ii\ Kiel on October 26, 1918. For
some days previously there had been great discontent among the crew and plans were
made to attack their officers and join with other submarine crews as soon as they
landed.

On October 29 the crew received an order to put to sea to fight the British fleet*
They refused to obey the order, and, joining with other submarine crews under the
leadership of a sailor from the SeidlitZy who had been for two years in a submarine,
they began the revolt, the signal for which was a bombardment of the main street of
Kiel by a German cruiser in port. The prisoners of war were released for the day
only with orders to return aboard at night.

On November 5, Bastin, with his comrades, was transferred to Wilhelmshaven and
was then interned on the German cruiser Hamburg.

On November 9 the pijsoners were told that the armistice had been signed and
that a revolution had broken out in the British, as well as the German navy; that
Marshal Foch had been shot and that the peace conditions would be favorable for
Germany. In confirmation of these statements the Germans showed the prisoners an
article in a local newspaper.

On November 10 there was a great illumination of the German fleet and a celebra-
tion in the city of Wilhelmshaven. On November 11 the real terms of the armistice
being known, everybody was depre^ed and everything was quiet.

On November 21 the prisoners were escorted from Wilhelmshaven to the American
ofiicers' camp at Karlsruhe, where, according to Mr. Bastin, there were about 20
American officer prisoners from the Flying Corps.

Mr. Bastin was Released and left the camp at Karlsruhe on November 29 and pro-
ceeded to Villingen, about 20 miles from the Swiss frontier, where he was cared for
by the American Red Cross. On December 1 he arrived at American Base Hospital
No. 26, AP. 0. 785, and it was from that point that he came by rail to Havre and
presented himself as a destitute American seaman, entitled, under our laws, to relief
and transportation.

Naturally, Mr. Bastin had none of his original papers, all having been lost or taken
from him by the Germans. He showed me, however, Special Order No. 445, of the
adjutant of the American base hospital above mentioned, relating to him, and also a
permit issued to him at the German camp. Mr. Bastin stated that he was bom in
Ostend, Belgium, on June 21, 1889, and that he went to New York in June, 1918, and
took out his first papers for American citizenship. Not being yet an American citizen
I could not issue to him an American seaman's identification certificate. As a desti-
tute American seaman, however, I relieved his immediate needs, provided for sub-
sistence and lodging and, after conferring with the American naval port office, I
arranged with the master of the U. S. S. Newton to accept him as a consular passenger

THE U-140. 77

alfoard that vessel to the United States. The U. S. S. Newton sailed from HaM^ for
JJewport News, Va., via Plymouth, England, on January 11, 1919.

On August 5 the Stanley M, Seamariy a four-masted schooner of
J, 060 gross tons, bound from Newport News to Porto Plata, San
Dommgo, with a cargo of coal, was halted m latitude 34° 69' N.,
longitude 73° 18' W. by a shot from the TJ-lJf.O. The crew of the
schooner took the boats at once and rowed to the submarine, where
they delivered their papers. They informed the German officers
that they **had left the schooner in a hurry and were without suffi-
cient food and water," whereupon the submarine took their boats in
tow and returned them to the schooner, where they were permitted
to provision. They were ordered to run a line from the stern of the
schooner to the bow of the submarine and after so doing were
permitted to leave the vicinity.

The day following the sinkmg of the Stanley M, Seaman the U-I40
sank the American steamship Jl/^mA: (formerly Dutch), 3,024 tons gross,
4 miles west of Diamond Shoals Lightship. The MeraJc was proceed-
ing at about 8 knots an horn*, when at 1.40 p. m. a shot from the sub-
marine crossed her bows. The weather was so hazy that the subma-
rine, which was 4 miles off the port bow, was invisible, but the flashes
of her guns could be seen. The Merdk put about at once and made
for shore, steering a zigzag course. The submarine pursued, firing at
intervals of about a minute. The Meralc, which was not armed, ran
Aground after the submarine had fired her thirtieth shot and the crew
took to the boats. The Germans drew up to the steamer, boarded her
from the deck of the submarine, placed their bombs, and as soon as
these had exploded, called the lifeboats alongside and questioned the
captain of the Merak. After checking up the captain's answers in
Lloyds, the submarine officer gave him the distance to shore and
turned his attention to other vessels which were in sight at the time :
The Diamond Shoals Lightship, 590 gross tons, the British steamer,
Bencleuchj and the American S. S. Mariners Harbor. Of these
vessels the first was sunk by gunfire, the second escaped after being
chased and gunned for some time, and the third escaped attack of
any kind. The Mariners Harbor was, however, close enough to the
lightship to observe the attack upon her, and a summary of her
captain's story as submitted to the naval authorities tells of the
afternoon's work of the V-lJfi:

The Mariners Harbor, of 2,431 tons gross, operated by the New Ydrk and Porto Rioo
Steamship Co., and commanded by Capt. Hansen, left Porto Rico for New York
July 31, 1918, with a cargo of sugar.

At 1.45 p. m. (Saturday), August 6, 1918, in latitude 35° OV N., longitude 75° 24^ W.,
proceeding to Diamond Shoals Lightship at 9 knots, the report of gunfire was heard
offshore and south of the lightship. At this time the sea was choppy, weather fine,
visibility excellent.

78 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

The firing was off the starboard bow of the Mariners Harbor. The course was altered
to N W. for about 15 minutes. Through the glasses the captain could see the lightship
and one ship on either side of her. One of the ships appeared to be of about five or
six thousand tons, and the other one was much smaller. The larger ship seemed to be
inside the lightship and the smaller one appeared to be outside of the lightship.

Shells were observed to be dropping about the ships into the water, causing a con-
siderable spray to arise. The firing was not regular. Usually two shots were reported
with an interval of a few seconds between them. Then an interval of from three to
five minutes and sometimes longer would follow. The captain estimated that about
eight shells were fired during the first 10 minutes of the attack.

At 2.12 p. m. (Saturday) the Mariners Harbor intercepted the following radio mes-
sage: "KMSL S. O. S. Unknown vessel being shelled off Diamond Shoal Light
Vessel No. 71. Latitude 35° 05^ longitude 75° 1(K."

The course of the Mariners Harbor was then changed to N. and it was observed that
the report of the firing became more distinct. Subsequently the course was changed to
N W. and then to due W. for a short time, and the report of the firing became quite faint.
Finally the course of the Mariners Harbor was steered N. and the engines were stopped
when the ship reached a point about 10 miles WSW. of Cape Hatteras, in 8 fathoms of
water. It was then about 5 o'clock.

The firing seemed to cease for about a half hour, when it commenced again, SSW.
of the ship's position, and continued until shortly after 6 o'clock.

At 5.50 (Saturday) the Mariners Harbor received the following radio message:
"Gimned, steering S. 55 E. Bencleuchy

At 6 p. m. a ship was sighted astern of the Mariners Harbor proceeding at a low rate
of speed on about an ENE. course. She came alongside the Marirurs Harbor and
Capt. Hansen hailed her captain through a megaphone. The name of the ship was
the American S. S. Cretan, of about 1,000 tons, engaged in passenger service.

The captain of the Cretan inquired about the firing and asked Capt. Hansen if
he was going out. Capt. Hansen informed him of what he saw, and stated that he
intended to proceed after dark.

At 6.25 (Saturday) the Mariners Harbor received the following message: '* Ceased
firing after 37 shots, 23.25, steering toward Lookout."

The Cretan and the Mariners Harbor stood together until 6.30 p. m., when the
Mariners Harbor proceeded along the beach, followed by the Cretan. After about a
half hour the Cretan stopped, but the Mariners Harbor continued on her E. by N.
course until Cape Hatteras was reached.

At dusk (7.15 p. m.) the Cretan came up to the Mariners Harbor and the course was
resumed. When offshore about 7 miles the captain observed that the Diamond Shoal
Lightship was not in sight, although the ship was in range of its visibility.

At 8.30 p. m., what appeared to be a small steamer was observed off the starboard
bow coming from the southwest and steering northeast for the position of Diamond
Shoal Lightship. She was showing a masthead light,'^and a red side light could be
seen through the glasses. The lights were very low in the water and proceeding at a
high rate of speed. The Mariners Harbor and the Cretan were running completely
darkened. The night was dark, with no moon to be observed.

The captain believes this vessel to be a submarine, and the Mariners Harbor^s helm
was ported, followed by the Cretan, and a due west course steered for about 2 miles.
The lights on the unknown vessel remained in view for about 15 minutes.

The Mariners Harbor and the Cretan then followed the coiuse which the unknown
vessel was steering.

Capt. Hansen is of the opinion that this unknown vessel was a submarine, and that
it was steering this course expecting to meet his ship. The submarine undoubtedly
observed the ship during the attack and saw her head for the shore. At that time the
sun was between the submarine and the Mariners Harbor, and the captain believes

THE XT-140. 79

this accounts for the fact that the submarine did not shell him, although his position
was about the same distance away from the submarine as the lightship — ^the three
positions forming a triangle.

During the entire attack the captain estimated that between 50 and 60 shells were
fired.

At 10 p. m. a message was received that the Diamond Shoal Lightship had been
sunk.'*

On the morning of August 10, the following radio message was
intercepted by several ships and stations: '*S O S 36 N. 73 W.
Help. We are running extreme danger. We are being attacked.
Lat. 36 N., long. 73 W. S. D. ZP The U. S. S. Stringliam
hurried to the assistance of the endangered vessel, which proved to
be the Brazilian steamer Vieraba, The result of her mission is evi-
denced by the following message received by" the Bureau of Opersr
tions: "Enemy submarine sighted lat. 35'' 51' N., long. 73"^ 21' W.
Dropped 15 depth charges. Searching vicinity Brazilian steamer.
Call letters S. D. Z. Escaped undamaged."^*

Three days later the U. S. S. Pdstores engaged the U-I40. The story
of this action is taken from the war diary of the Pastores dated
August 13:

At 5.32 p. m., G. M. T., this date, in latitude 35® 30^ N., longitude 69® 43^ W., this
vessel changed cou]:8e from 269® true to 330® true in order to cross a restricted area in
approach route before moonset. Zigzag combined plans Nos. 1 and 2 had been
carried on all day. At 5.43 p. m., G. M. T., the officer of the deck noted a splash about
2,500 yards distant, a little on the starboard quarter, and heard the report of a gun.
With his glasses he discovered a large enemy submarine lying athwart our course
6 or 7 miles distant, a little on the starboard quarter, and firing at this ship, apparently
with two guns. From size of splash it appeared that these guns were of about 6 inches
in caliber. Went to battle stations and commenced firing at submarine at extreme
range with armor-piercing shell at 5.46 p. m., G. M. T. The enemy fired about 15
shots, none of which came closer than 1,500 yards, after which she headed around
toward us or away from us and ceased firing. This ship fired nine rounds at extreme
range from after 5-inch 40-caliber guns, all of which fell more than 3,000 yards short.
Ceased firing at 5.50 p. m., G. M. T., after enemy had ceased, and proceeded on course
at full speed. Submarine disappeared about 5 minutes later.

For a week following the engagement with the Pastores nothing was
heard of the TJ-lIfi, and when, on August 21, she resumed her activ-
ities she was far to the northward of the scene of her former opera-
tions. At that time she attacked and, after a brief fight, sank the
British steamer Diomed, 7,523 gross tons, bound from Liverpocl to
New York.

M Statements of Louis Hansen, master of tbe Mariners Harbor f to United States naval authorities.

» On a subsequent visit of the S. S. Uberaba to the United States, in February, 1919, a request was made
by the of&oers and men of that ship through the Brazilian naval attach^ at Washington, tor permission,
whiQb, was granted by the Navy Department, to present to the officers and men of the U. 8. destroyer
StringhamB.n American flag in silk and a silver loving cup brought from Brasilto express their heartfelt
esteem lor the timely succor given, and to further strengthen the bonds of confidence and affectionate
gratitude between the United States and Brazil.

I

80 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

We left Liverpool in convoy with the HarrUburg, Plattshurg, Baltic (White Star
steamer), Belgic (White Star), Katoomba^ Dunregan CastUy and the guide ship Lanca-
shire. We were joined afterwards by the Ortega. There were eight destroyers in the
convoy. They left at approximately 15 W. As soon as the convoy was broken up,
the various vessels dispersed and followed the routes and courses prescribed ii\the sail-
ing instructions. All the vessels were transports so far as the chief officer is advised,
and with the exception of the Harrisburg and Plattsburg were commanded by a cap-
tain of the Royal British Naval Reserve. The average speed of the Diomed was 15}
knots. The day before the Diomed was sunk she ran 400 miles.

I came on watch at 4 a. m., relieving the second mate. At 4.30 a. m. I took stellar
observations. I just finished the work on these observations at about 4.50 when an
object was sighted on the starboard beam, distant about 4 miles. By this time it was
about half daylight, perfectly clear sky, smooth water, and light air. I ordered the
helm hard a starboard for the purpose of bringing the object astern. I sent the mid-
fihipman to tell the gunners to stand by, but not to ox>en fire until they got further orders,
aa I could not tell from the first examination whether the object was a submarine or
whether she was a torpedo boat.

In the meantime the ship was swinging and when the object was about a point off
the starboard quarter she opened fire. I am under the impression that she was not
moving in any direction. As soon as she fired her first shot we opened fire at about
5,000 yards distance, but I could not observe the fall of the shot. The captain waa in
the chart room when the submarine was sighted and came on the bridge whilst the ship
was swinging under a starboard helm. As soon as our first shot was fired I left the
bridge and ran to work the after gun, the captain taking charge of the ship. The gim
was a 4.7-inch British Admiralty gun. The fourth shot that the submarine fired struck
the Diomed*8 starboard quarters, and from then on the submarine registered several hits.
By the time we fired 12 rounds the steampipe to the steering gear, which was on the
poop, had been carried away and we could not get to our ammunition locker, which was
located just on the foreside and underneath the steering engine house, on account of
the dense volumes of steam; the shot which carried away the line completely disabled
the steering gear.

We had a hand-steering gear, but it was impossible to hook it up and use it because
it would have taken half an hour to rig it under the most favorable circumstances.
No orders were passed to connect the hand-steering gear because the dense volimie of
«team which prevented our getting at the ammunition locker also stopped any pos-
sibility of so doing.

In the meantime the submarine was dropping shells all around and upon our poop.
The splash of the German shells made our spotting observations almost impossible.
We were spotting from the roof of a Jocker immediately forward of the gun, because
under the circumstances it was impossible for the spotting officer to make himself
heard bv the gunner from the top, since there were no voice tubes from the after gun
to the maintop.

As soon as I found that passing the ammunition was impossible on account of the
dense volume of steam, and also from the fact that the officer in charge and his petty
officer in the ammunition party were severely wounded, I gave the command to cease
firing. We then made an attempt to ignite the smoke boxes, but as these did not
Ignite readily I ordered the poop to be left in order to try and prevent casualties.

As far as maneuvering of the ship is concerned, the chief officer is not in a position
to give any information, except that from the time the steam line was carried away
up to the time the vessel surrendered she was going ahead at full speed. She swimg
somewhat to port after the main steering line was carried away. When the chief
officer left the quarter-deck the submarine was shelling the port side of the ship.
After leaving the quarter-deck I reported to the captain that the gun was out of

il

THE XT-140. 81

action and offered the suggestion, in order to prevent unnecessary waste of life, that
the ship be abandoned. The captain agreed to this suggestion and the ship was
abandonee in good shape.

The captain's boat, in which I left the ship, was held alongside the ship as long
as we thought it proper to hold her there. By the time v.e joined the other boats,
which were lying about a quarter of a mile off the ship waiting for us, the submarine
had steamed to a position quite close to the other boats. I was never less than 250
yards from the submarine, but I tried to observe all I could of her construction and
general appearance. The submarine passed our boats as she ^ent to take up her
position to sink the ship, which she did by firing three salvos of two rounds each from
a distance of about 300 yards, and the ship immediately commenced to list to port
and finally sank on her port side about 15 minutes after the first salvo had been fired.
When the ship sank we were about 600 yards from her. The position at the time of
sinking was latitude 40° 43^ N., longitude 65° 15' W.^«

The day after the sinking of the Diomed the TJ-HO attacked the
American cargp vesse Pleiades j 3,753 gross tons, bound from Havre
to New York. The submarine, which was lying awash and not under-
way, was sighted at 7.10 p. m. from the crow's nest of the ship by a
member of the armed guard crew.

The Pleiades, of 3,700 gross tons, owned by the Tiuckenbach Co., left Havre August
4, 1918, for New York. On August 22, at about 7 p. m. (ship's time), in latitude
39° 43'' N., longitude 63° 11'' W., a member of the armed guard in the crow's nest
reported a suspicious object two points off the starboard bow, distant 5 or 6 miles.
The weather was clear, but the first officer on the bridge could not make out the
object and ascended to the crow's nest. By. this time the pbject was dead ahead.
The first officer recognized that what the lookout had taken to be a funnel was the
conning tower of the submarine.

The submarine was awash, not under way, and in the slight swell of the sea the first
officer could make out the bow and stem alternately exposed below the water line.
He noticed a gun forward and aft, but could not distinguish other details at that dis-
tance beyond the fact that she was a big submarine, at least 300 feet long, and that
her conning tower was amidships.

At 7.10 p. m. the course of the Pleiades was changed from S. (true) to 8W. by W. f W.,
at her regular speed of 9A knots. A few minutes later the lookout reported that the
submarine had submerged.

At 8 p. m. the flash of a gun was seen off the port beam and a shell fell 1,000 yards
abort of the Pleiades. A submarine was sighted, lying awash, distant between 3 and 4
miles. The position of the ship was 39° 34^ N., 63=' 25' W. There was a full moon,
in the rays of which the submarine lay, making an excellent target. The Pleiades
swung her stem to the submarine and worked up a speed of 12 knots.

All told the submarine fired four shots, the interval between the first and second
being three of four minutes and between the other two about two minutes. The
second shot fell off the ship's port quarter from 500 to 1,000 yards short; the third and
fourth shots struck astern from 700 to 1,000 yards short.

The PUaides fired 13 shots from her after gun, a 4-inch 40. Beginning with the
fourth shot the range was got and thereafter the shells fell close, although none of
them hit the submarine. The submarine was heading S. and quickly moved out of
the moon's rays after the first half dozen shots and no longer presented such a good
target. Within 15 minutes after the first shot the submarine submerged . It was then

* From the examinaticm of Chief Officer Alfred £. Batt by the aid for inforinatioQ at New York.
181062^—20

82 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

• .

two or three points off the port quarter. The first officer believes the submarine
fired only four shells, because the armed guard's shots were so well aimed as to lead
th6 'submarine to decide to submei^ quickly.

The first officer explains the failure of the submarine either to pursue the Pleiades
or to maneuver around her to get her in the path of the moon's rays on the grounds
that she was not of a speedy type.

Two radio messages were sent out by the Pleiades. The first was an ALLO, sent
at 7.15 p. m. The other was an S O.S S S S S message, sent at 8.15, approximately. It
was acknowledged by a shore station, but the first officer was unable to state which one.

The Pleiades arrived at New York August 25.'^

After the attack on the Pleiades the 17-/^0 began her homeward
voyage and on September 5 made an unsuccessful attack on the
British tanker War Ranee, 5,559 gross tons, en route from Grange-
mouth, England, to Halifax, Nova Scotia, in ballast. At 11.30 a. m.
in latitude 51° 27' N., longitude 33"^ 24' W., the War Ranee sighted a
periscope and then the track of a torpedo close alongside, which
passed immediately under the engine room, but did not hit the ship.
The ship had been stopped for minor engine repairs and when the
submarine was sighted orders were given for *'full speed ahead.''
After a delay of five minutes she steamed ahead, zigzagging, until
the submarine was well astern. The submarine came to the surface
and gave chase. Later the submarine opened fire. Two rounds
were fired at three-^minute intervals between shots. The last seen
of the submarine, she was heading south and the War Ranee escaped.

The U-I40 having sustained some damage resulting in a slight
leakage, delayed her passage and she was joined on September 9
by the V-117 which came to her assistance. The two then pro-
ceeded in company for a time toward Germany by way of the Skaw
and Albach Bay. The U-I40 arrived at Kiel on the 25th of October,

1918.

THE CRUISE OF U-117.

The U-117,^ commanded by Kapitanleutnant Droscher, left her base
early in July, 1918. This vessel was one of the cruiser, mine-laying
type of German submarines, and combined the errand of sowing
mines on the American coast with that of destroying tonnage by
direct attack. Her approach to the American coast was heralded
by an attack on the British steamer Baron Napier, July 26, when in
latitude 45° 26' N., longitude 32° 50' W.

On August 10 she attacked the fishing fleet in the vicinity of

Georges Bank. Before the day had ended the submarine had sent

to the bottom nine small motor schooners — the Kaiie L. Palrner^

31 tons; the Aleda May, 31 tons; the Mary E. Senneit, 27 tons; the

WiUiam H. Starbuck, 53 tons; the Old Time, 18 tons; the Progress,

*i Statement of John McNamara, chief officer of the Pleiades, to the American naval authorities.
« After the surrender at Harwich the U-117 was one of the submarines sent to America for use In tha
Liberty loan campaign.

THE XT-117, 83

34 tons; the RdiaTice, 19 tons; the Earl and Nettie, 24 tons; and the
Cruiser, 28 tons. The Albert TF. Black, 54 tons, was fired on but
succeeded in escaping, and the Gleaner, 45 tons, after seeing one of the
victims disappear under the waves, fled without molestation.

All of the fishermen witnessed the sinking of at least one schooner
besides their own; some had conversation with the officers and crew
of the submarine,. while others, who were taken aboard the submersi-
ble tirere able to furnish fairly good nontechnical descriptions of the
raider.

I am a French Canadian,
said Fred Doucette, engineer of the Aleda May,

and 32 years old. Have been in the fishing business 15 years. We sighted the
submarine when we were SE. of Georges Banks. I think Uiat the water there is
about 70 fathoms. We sighted the submarine between 9 a. m. and 10 a. m. I was
engineer, and the first I knew about it was when I W9,s told to start the motors.
Just at that time I heard the first shot, which jarred the boat. I opened the
engine wide open, then we heard another shot. The submarine was then about one-
fourth mile from us, coming toward us. A shell struck and cut oiur mainsail off. The
smoke from the shell was black. Then we got into our dories. They took the skipper,
a young fellow, and myself and told us to go aboard the submarine. They took our
dory and then three Germans, two of whom were sailors, got on board with Aleda
May, The officer had a jersey sweater on, with blue seige pants. Had devices on hat.
He spoke English. They took our picture from the bridge, as we came alongside,
with a small camera.

They were aboard the Aleda May and took all our food. They took onions, candles,
watermelon, bananas, and .meat, and cleaned out all our provisions. They took a hose
which I had there, also a can of gasoline and a can of cylinder oil. Took rubber boots
and shoes. Also took the bow line and dumped it in the dory.

The bomb was painted red, about the size of a big tomato can. They screwed a
fuse into the metal on the top of the bomb. They then lowered it down the side of
the vessel. They tied the fuse with piece of rope when they lowered it down the side.
They then took a screw driver and shoved it into the end of the fuse and it snapped.
Then they said, "Row off quickly. We have seven minutes." About every minute
there seemed to be a snap. It seemed more than seven minutes to me. I should say
it was nearer 10 minutes. The officer b^an to look anxious, and then it exploded,
without much noise. The boat settled slowly, and the officer said "There she is;
that is war.'' There was a handle on the side of the bomb to carry it with. There
was a second bomb in the dory and this gave me a good chance to get a description of
it. It was 7 or 8 inches high; 6 inches around; nose was 3/ inches long and about
1) inches in diameter. The handle was just large enough to take hold of. We were
on the deck of the submarine for a whole hour. The bow slanted; top was roimd;
stem went right down to the water. There were two tight wires stretched from for-
ward aft, over conniflg tower.

There was a steel plate (washboard) on each side of submarine to keep the spray
off their feet. This board was about 2 feet high. There was a saw tooth for cutting the
wires which ran about 14 or 15 feet from the bow, and seemed to be quite heavy.
There were tumbucklee at after end of wire for torting up wire.

The submarine was about 300 feet long. Her hold was about 6 or 7 feet above water.
There were .two guns, one forward and one aft. The forward gun was about 50 feet
from conning tower. The after gun was closer to conning tower, probably 30 feet.

84 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST,

The forward gun looked to be larger than the aft gun. The forward gun was about
12 feet long. The after gun was about 10 feet. The recoil cylinder was conspicuous
on after gun.

There was a wire handrail the entire length of the submarine held up by iron.

When the crew got on deck they were covered by four men. They took an empty
shell from the gun, which shell was about 5 inches, with a brass nose fuse, about
2J inches. They loaded the empty gun again. They took up a wooden grating
from floor where shells were kept. There was an iron bar holding wooden grating
down. There seemed to be about 200 shells. They picked up the shell, turned it
up, nose down, and unlocked case which held shell (brass case). They put the
shell into gun and took the empty shell and put it with the other shells and cov-
ered it over again with iron bar.

No wireless or periscope was noticed. There was a pipe on each side of conning
tower, about 6 feet above conning tower.

The smallest gun was aft. There was no flare on the submarine. She ran straight.
There was a small German flag on after end of conning tower, red, white-black.

The deck of the submarine was perfectly smooth except for the grating. The
conning tower was about 12 feet. She was battleship-gray color. She set up in
water pretty well forward, and went down low aft.

The men stayed on deck about one hour. She was steaming up to sink the Pro^res*,
and made a sign to the captain to push away. They got into the dory, and they told
us to come down the conning tower. We went down the hatchway through the
conning tower, and when we got down we walked a few steps to another manhole
about the same size, and then to another manhole, which made the third, and we had
to stoop down to get through it. It was a little aft.

On the first level nothing was noticed. Nothing was noticed on the second level.
On the third level, we went through manhole, and there were two big motors there,
one on either side, probably dieselators. They were about 2 feet apart. They were
very noiseless in running, and kept going all the time. The engine was started from
up above by a turning wheel, and went very smooth. There was no vibration what-
ever. It was a reversible engine. When she ran on reversible she was just as noise-
less. The engine room was short distance from conning tower.

The men sat on tool chest and there was a small dynamo running all the time. A
bell would ring, and the switch was thrown, which would result in a loud noise.
This would happen quite often. There were a number of men handling the motors.
When bell would ring there would be indications above (lettered) and a certain
man would throw lever on. There were five or six men handling the switches. They
were kept busy all the time.

There were no crosspieces or wire running from bow. The men stood back of con-
ning tower for about one hour. The beam was about 30 feet wide amidships. Con-
ning tower was about 12-15 feet wide. Did not have double flare.

When they were sitting on the tool chest there was a manhole opposite, and it
seemed as if the crew of the submarine did not want them to see into it. They were
very careful about closing the door every time they went in, and when the door
was left open, they hollered to close it. You would have to stoop to get into manhole.

The door on manhole opened inside port side. The crew of fire submarine, went
into manhole and brought out a large pot of pea soup. They gave Doucette a dish
and offered the other men some, but they would not take it. Doucette took it. They
gave him a large dish and spoon, but no marks on it. The soup was quite thick,
with peas and beans. One of the crew of the submarine took enough to last Doucette
a couple of days, and ate it standing at his post. The men had on leather suits
and wooden soled shoes.

The captain of the Lena May asked one of the crew of the submarine if they had
sunk many vessels, to which he replied that he had sunk quite a few. It was 1 o'clock

THE TJ-117. ' 85

when the men went down in submarine, and 3.15 when they came out. Quite a
few men shook hands with them and wished them luck.

All the supplies of the crew of the Lena May were taken away. Also all their
clothes.

This man on board the submarine, who appeared to be an officer, stated that he had
been in New York and Providence. He stated that he was married. He said, "Do
you think the people of America think they are going to win the war?" He said,
*'I suppose you people think the same." He said that nobody would win. He
said that Germany had a good chance to win, as they had plenty of men. He asked
about the draft. He asked Doucette how old he was, to which Doucette replied 33.
He said that the draft age in America was between 20-30. He also asked if there
was many training. He asked Doucette how many men there were in France, to
which Doucette replied that there was three million in France, and one-half million
in Italy. He wanted to know if we had any charts. They seemed to be very much
afraid of mines, and wanted to know if there were any that we knew of.

They got some ketchup from the Lena May and were quite pleased with it. They
said, "Oh look, Sniders." They threw open the hatch on the Lena May and found
fresh goods.

They looked like a crowd of pirates, and were very yellow.

It was very hot in the submarine, the air was vei/y foul from crude oil.

At about 9.50 a. m. on Saturday, August 10, according to R. A.
Sanchez, owner of the William H, Starbuck,

the man on the lookout on the Starhuck first sighted the submarine. At that
time the Starhuck was about 220 miles SE. by S. from Graves Light. It is believed
that the Starhuck was the first one of the fishing fleet to sight the submarine, which
was coming from E. by SE. and about 5 miles off; it was recognized at once as a sub-
marine. She showed a great deal of foam and appeared to be coming fast. When
at a distance of about 3 miles from the Starhuck, she started to shell that vessel, which
was attempting to escape. The Progress, Reliance, Aleda May, and one other vessel
were in the fleet. After several shells fell very close to the Starhuck, she hove to.
This was after fragments of shell had fallen on the deck of the Starhuck. This was
probably about 10 o'clock a. m. Three dories were prepared to abandoned the ship,
and at about 10.30 the Starhuck was abandoned. The dories were close by and after-
wards approached the submarine, and during this time witnessed the sinking of the
AUda May, the Progress, and possibly the Reliance, sunk in probably the above order.
At about 2 p. m. the submarine sank the Starhuck with a bomb. No sound of the
explosion was heard, but the concussion was distinctly felt in the dories.

Mr. Sanchez states that he thinks the submarine was somewhere
between 200 and 300 feet long, and he thinks that she was certainly
not OTcr 250 feet. Her after gun was considerably smaller than her
forward gim. The after gun appeared to be very large at the bridge,
and what appeared to be the barrel itself was no longer than 5 or 6
feet, and the larger part toward the bridge appeared to be even
longer than this. The caliber of the gun appeared to be about 3
inches. It was a peculiar looking gun and entirely different from
anything the captain had ever seen in the American Navy. The
forward gun apparently was about 25 feet long.

There was apparently a solid wire stay which stretched from bow
to stern, running over the conning tower .itself. The whole length
of this stay, from the bow to the conning tower, had what appeared

86 GEKMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

to be teeth like a knife fastened to it. This stay appeared to be about
3 inches in diameter, made of wire. Her bow was sharp, sloping
forward from the water line like the bow of a schooner, and her deck
ran down from amidships aft.

As many as 20 of the crew were standing in the conning tower
laughing as the Starhuck WdiS being rifled of all her provisions by some
of their mates.

About 20 feet from the bow of the submarine appeared a con-
trivance, which looked like the davit on board a vessel for hoisting
purposes. No boats were visible on deck. The submarine was
painted lead color, as were also her guns. Attached to the stay run-
ning fore and aft was what appeared to be a wireless apparatus
leading to the conning tower. Mr. Sanchez is absolutely positive that
the after gun was much smaller than the forward gun and appeared
to be about half the caliber. About 10 feet from the bow there
appeared to be a spar, which lay on deck, and which apparently
could be forced forward to^ an upright position. This spar appeared
to be about 20 or 25 feet long and appeared to be fitted to a hinge
on deck.

At about 2 p. m., shortly after leaving the submarine and when
about 4 miles distant, the submarine opened fire on the dories of
the StarlmcTc. There is no question in Capt. Sanchez's mind but
what they fired on the dories, the shells landing in their vicinity,
and the submarine afterwards coming toward them and looking
them over.

About 6.30 p. m., Sunday, August 11, after sailing since Saturday
afternoon about 2 p. m., the trawler Acushla was met and the crew
of the Starhuck went on board of her and were brought to Boston,
arriving at 9 a. m., Tuesday, August 13, 1918.

James Nickerson, the master of the fishing schooner Reliance^ gives
the following account of the attack:

It was about 10 o'clock Saturday morning and I was lying down, and one of the crew
came down and said there was a shot fired alongside of us. There were four boats cloee
t<^ther, all fishing boats. So I came on deck, and just as I came up a shell struck
alongside and I saw them lower sails o£f of her. Then he shelled one outside of us a
little, and we started our power and swung away from her, and then he threw two
shells at us; one struck about 50 feet from us and the other about 150 feet.

She was not a mile away from us when we sighted her, and, of course, then we stopped
ova machine and let her lay. There was no use in trying to get away, and we put our
dories over and took some provisions and water and got all ready to leave, and then we
went back on board.

1 don't know the first one sunk; she was about 2 miles away from us. The second,
the Progress of Edgartown. We went aboard, then got some canvas to make sails and
stayed there until the second ono went down,- and when he came toward us we pushed
oS and lay perhapis 200 or 300 yards from her. He had a yellow dory at the
stem of the submarine. He came within about 200 feet between us and the boat.
Of course some of our dories were farther off; we had three dories. One man I saw

THE TJ-117. 87

getting over the side of the suhmarine with a fcag. I thinV he was an ofTco". He
had a white cap and oilskins; all of them had. It was an odicer's cap. They were
perhaps 20 minutes ahoard her hefore they left her, and they just got aboard the
submarine and did not move very far before she went up. There wasn't much of
an explosion; she went down stem first. We saw three more schooners just about the
time we left; the Siarlmck was about north by west from us. After he sunk the
JStarhvdt he steamed in that way. There were about 10 or 11 shots fired there at those
other three.

The wind was about ENE. She wasn't going very fast. She had the dory astern.
There was very little noise; just emoke. She fired perhaps 10 or 11 shots. Just about
noon the Starhuck went down and we got aboard the Katie Palmer about 5.30. Ten
minutes before we boarded her we heard four more shots. We got aboard and started
power and started about west by south. We didn't go 40 minutes when we saw her
coming behind us, and, of course, when she was about 2 miles from us we sighted her.
Her bow was about 12 or 14 f^t out of water and her stem was awash. The center
was about 6 or 7 feet out of water. So, of course, he says there is no use of us trying to
get away. He stopped his engine and we got into our dories again and started out.
The Katie Palmer is owned^ I think, in Boston. The master is Edward Russell. He
had no dory out that time and had no boat of any kind because the first of his dories
came along with us, and the submarine was perhaps 300 yards from us and there was
a fellow signaling to one of the last dories that left her and that dory went alongside.
It was getting dark then. We heard this slight explosion. Of course we started then
for land. We never saw anything after we left her until Sunday night about 8 o'clock
we heard — I suppose there was a fishing vessel coming up. About noon Monday
we were picked up by the schooner Corintkian about 14 miles around South Channel.
The owner of my boat is John Nelson, of Gloucester. The crew of the Katie Palmar all
left her. The Palmer looked like a dory alongside the submarine. He was about 17
miles about west from where we were. Her bow was round, just like a schooner bow.
1 was within 200 feet of her when she came down alongside of our boat. They all had
some kind of coats on. She had two guns aft. One heavy gun on the bow. It was
covered. It was as long as one of those 6-inch guns. Must have been 50 men on her
forward deck. There wasn't over 12 men in sight when tdie was alongside us. She
was twice as long as the Starbucks and the Starhuck I should judge to be about 90 feet.
She was 250 feet at least. She was close to the Starlmck, Sho was newly painted.
The Starbu4:k looked like a jolly boat alongside her. There wore no rough spots on her.
She looked new.

The following is the statemQ^t of Manael Dias, captain of the
schooner Mary E. Bennett:

The crew consisted of seven, all being saved.

Saturday, August 10, 1918, between 3 and 4 p. m., SE. part of Georges Bank, known
as latitude 41^, 160 miles SE. Island Lijs;ht; weather very good. Friday night, August
9, 1918, weather was stormy, raining, and rough.

The Cruiner from Boston, a fishing boat, told me that they heard some shots east of
them and that they thought we had better go to port, but owing to the fact that the
captain had heard these reports from other fisherman from time to time, did not pay
any attention to this report. Cruiser^ Old Time^ and this boat, the Mary E, Sennetty
were all fishing together around 1 o'clock, and captain was on mast looking for sword
fish when two submarines were sighted ESE. of where this boat was. One submeiged
and was never seen again, and the other was making circles trying to fool the fishing
boats — that is, the submarine zigzagged around so that the fishing boats would come
near to it. Whereas, the captain thought these were other fishing boats at first, and
sailed toward them. Cruiser and Old Time sighted and recognized what they really
were.

88 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

All boats tried to run away toward the NW. Then speed was put on; when about
a mile off three shots were fired at same time, one at each one of the fishing boats.
Then we faced vessel .SE. and then two more shots were fired, one at stem and one
at bow. Then we took to dories and went WNW. and the vessel SE. jogging along
by itself. Only saw one shot hit water and went under keel. Cruiser was sunk and
Old Time was also sunk; none of men believed saved.

Germans were not seen going on board any of these vessels. After Cruiser and Old
Time were sunk, it went toward the Mary E. Sennett. Lost eight of vessel and did
not pay much attention as we were using our best efforts to get away.

Around 5.30 or 6 p. m. nine shots were heard in direction where submarine was
seen. Sailed NW. for home. Sailed until Sunday 2 p. m. Goodspeed^ a knockabout
trawler on Clarkes Bank, brought us to fishing grounds. We then got on board a United
States chaser and were brought to the S. S. i?t;rwfv7;, which was at Island Light, and it
brought us to harbor, where we were taken to the immigration office.

The submarine was about 200 feet long, nothing less,, and looked gray. We saw two
brass guns, one on stem and one On bow. The gun on the stem was of solid shell.
Fire came from forward gun and smoke from the stem gun when fired . Believe there
were more guns on it

There was no wireless seen. No flag. Conning tower quite high, about 8 or 9 feet.

Lost sight of vessel and therefore do not know whether or not they boarded my
vessel.

Statement of Edward Russell, captain of the Katie L. Palmer:

The Kate L. Palmer was a^^ fishing schooner formerly owned by WilUana and W. S.
Jerden and taken over by Mr. Jack O'Hara, Boston, Mass. She plied between Boston
and the fishing banks.

It left Boston, August 6, with a crew of seven men, including the captain, bound
for Geoiges Banks, about 200 miles off the coast of Massachusetts.

On Saturday three gun shots were heard about 10 a. m. The weather was clear
and the wind was NE. During the day several shots were heard, but nothing was
seen till about 3.30 p. m., when a submarine was seen about 8 miles away. It con-
tinued coming nearer until it arrived alongside the ship. The submarine was about
300 feet long and was a war-gray color. It had two gims, fore and aft. The fore gun
was 6 to 8 inch and about 15 feet long and looked to be about 3 feet in diameter. No
overhead wires were seen. The conning tower was about 25 feet high. On the
outside of the submarine were about 20 or 25 men. Later I boarded her and saw
several men on board. I was questioned as to whether or not I was armed. Four of
my men boarded the submarine, but the other three did not. I was told to go below.
The crew were sociable and said, "Don*t hurry," and asked if we had wat«r and pro-
visions. I replied that we had . The submarine crew then took oiu* stuff out of the
dory. I had a drink with some of the members of the crew and was given a bottle of
cheap rum, unsealed. An officer of the crew, asked aboirt the mines and tried to get
us to talk. We said we were not permitted to know anything about these matters.
He then asked if we would like to have peace. I answered, "Yes." He next asked
if our people wanted peace, and I said that I thought they did. He asked when I
thought the war would be over and I answered that I did not know. He thfen said,
"What do your people think about it." I said that they had different opinions.
He said, "I suppose President Wilson knows." I did not answer. He said, "I saw
President Wilson's picture with a great big nose," and he laughed.

The submarine crew were all Germans. They spoke broken English. I asked the
length of the submarine and was told that it was about 300 feet and they had 500
different types of submarines in Germany, some 500 feet in length. He said, "I sup-
pose you have submarines over in this country?" I answered, "Yes." The officer
to whom I was talking seemed to feel that Germany knew all about submarines and

THE tJ-117. 89

that America knew nothing. He said, "You have about 100 men in Europe, haven't
you?" 1 said that we have more than 1,000,000. He evidently did not believe it,
and shrugged his shoulders. He told me not to go ashore and tell any lies. I answered
that I would not.

Before leaving, the crew of the submarine returned all of my goods to my dory.
We left the German sub about 8. We exchanged greetings and headed west. Tho
submarine headed south. I was asked by the crew of the submarine about how many
fishermen were about and I answered 25 or 30 eastward. I said that for the purpose
of going west ourselves, in the hopes of finding a boat to help us. The oflicer said
that they were going to give us a boat but later said they had changed their minds.
We were aboard the dory until about 11 p. m.

When we were sunk, we were about 200 miles SE. of Highland Light in 50 fathoms
of water. We went west toward the South Shore Lightship for the purpose of meeting
some vessel to take us up. We were picked up about 10 o'clock by the Helen E, Murley
and landed at New Bedford, Mass., about 3 a. m. The oflScer I talked to looked like
the second mate. I don't think he was the captain. The men were dressed in leather
jackets and 'wore r^ular German hats.

The officers wore slate-colored clothes and caps. The machinery looked as if it
were operated by electricity. All the bells and lights were electric. They had two
engines running lengthwise in the vessel. There were three passageways. 1 headed
through the conning tower, then through another deck and then another and then
another deck into the submarine. It was divided into compartments, with round
doors that closed so that the compartments could be shut off. The engines were aft
of the submarine. The galley was aft of the sub. I saw no anchors, ammunition,
torpedo tubes, or numbers. There was ^ life rail about 3 or 4 feet in height.

Evidence that the German plan of breaking the morale of the
American people and leading to a demand for the recall of the de-
stroyer division was not badly calculated is shown by the fact that
James J. Phelan, assistant States administrator of Massachusetts,
at the instance of the mayor of Gloucester, reported to Washington
that the fishermen and their families were greatly alarmed by the
U-boat activities, and desired additional naval protection on the
fishing grounds.

The statement of Louis Amirault, a member of the crew of the
schooner Katie L, Palmer:

On August 10 at about 10 a. m. gunfire was heard to the eastward which was repeated
several times during the day up until about 2 o'clock, when it was distinctively recog-
nized as being gunfire.

About 3 p. m. the man at the masthead reported three dories which came from the
eastward . These dories proved later to belong to the American fishing schooner Reliance,
a swordfifih vessel from Gloucester. There were two men in each dory.

The crew of the Reliance stated that the Starbucks Progress^ and Lida May were
sunk about 7 or 8 miles to the eastward of the position of Katie L. Palmer, The
Reliance was sunk some time between 12 m. and 2 p. m. AU of these vessels were
sunk by bombs after shots had been fired across their bows to bring them to.

About 4 o'clock the submarine was sighted, coming from the northeast. She was
coming very fast, and it was said by the crew of the submarine that she was making
about 21 knots an hour. When first seen she was about 5 or 6 miles away. During
this time the Katie L, Palmer was trying to get away from the submarine but. was
overtaken in 45 minutes. * As the Palmer was going about 6 knots an hour, it is esti-
mated that the submarine was making about 12 knots.

90 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

When the submarine came to about 100 yards of the Palmer, the Palmer was aban<
doned by its crew and that of the Reliance. After they had got into the dories, the
submarine crew beckoned to one of the dories of the Palmer to come alongside. In
this dory were Capt. Edward Russell of the Pabner^ Fred Quinlan, Forman Belliveau,
and the subject, Louis Amirault.

The submarine appeared to be about 300 feet long. Her deck appeared to be about
9 feet above the sea level. Conning tower was about 13 feet long, 6 feet wide. She
had two guns, the one forward appearing to be 12 feet long and the caliber is estimated
as being about 6 inch. The after gun was very much smaller, and appeared to be not
more than 4 or 5 feet long. The forward gun appeared to be mounted about 30 feet
forward of the conning tower. The other gun appeared to be about 20 feet aft of
the conning tower.

She had a hand rail which b^:an about the forward gun and ran aft slightly behind
the conning tower. She appeared to have two hulls, and had square holes out of
which the water was running.

The four men of the crew of the Palmer remained on the deck of the submarine
about one-half hour, standing between the conning tower and the forward gun, chatting
with the crew of the submarine of which there were^bout 30 or 40, and three of whom
spoke English. The majority of the crew were dressed in khaki trousers and under-
shirt, some barefooted, and only one appeared in white uniform.

One of the three men who could speak English asked the subject, Amirault, from
what port he hailed, to which he replied, '* Boston. " He told them that they were
150 miles from the nearest land, and that they would be picked up Saturday.

One of the officers of the submarine later asked the captain of the Palmer if he had
any information in regard to mine field off the United States coast, to which he was
given the answer that such information W&s secret, and that they knew nothing
about it.

After standing for about one-half hour on deck, the four men were ordered below,
where they went, going down a manhole in the conning tower, by climbing a ladder
on the starboard side. The manhole appeared to be about 3} feet in diameter.

They went through three manholes to get to deck below. At the foot of the man-
hole he found himself in an alleyway about 3^ feet wide, with a steel floor.

The men then went aft down the passageway through three or four bulkheads,
which had round manholes about 2 feet from the floor. These manholes had steel
doors. When they reached this compartment they were told to sit down on some
small boxes. On either side of this passageway was machinery which they were told
wa^ electric on oneside and motor power on the other side.

A member of the crew of the submarine, who stated that he was mate on the sub-
marine, conversed with the crew of the Palmer^ and asked them how long the war was
going to last. They stated that they did not know, and the mate answered that
Wilson knew anyway. At this time a member of the crew in white uniform brought
in a bottle of liquor and were told to drink it as it was not poison.

This man asked if the United States had 100,000 soldiers over there, and we told'
them that they had 1,000,000. He said, '^I saw an American paper, and the Amer-
icans captured 24 Germans, and the next day the Germans captured twice as many."
He said, ^'You have got a lot to eat in this country anyway." He also said, ''I hear
you have got a lot of aeroplanes in this country. I would like to get a couple of them."~

He asked the skipper whether he was a pilot and asked him if he knew the loca-
tion of any mine fields on the United States coast. He asked the same question of
the members of the crew. It appeared to Amirault that mine fields were the only
thing that they were afraid of. The mate of the submarine stated that he had been
in New York and in the Southern States. It is understood that he said that he was
on a steamer. He stated that there were 500 U-boats in Germany, and said that he
was going back to Germany in six months.

THE TJ~117. 91

The crew of the Palmer remained in the compartment about one hour. All the
time that they were below the engines were running and after about one hour they
stopped and the men went on deck. Amirault does not know whether they sub-
merged or not during this hour.

The crew of the Palmer were then put into their dory and were told by the man on
the submarine to tell the truth about the way they had been treated on the submarine,
and he wished them good luck.

While on board the submarine the cook of the Palmer was questioned as to whether
there were any potatoes on board the vessel. At the time they came on deck of the
fiubmarine there was no vessel visible, and it was thought that the Palmer was sunk.
When the crew of the Palmer went below deck of the submarine, some of the crew of
the submarine went over to the Palmer carrying with them what appeared to be a
bomb. This was red in color, flat on both ends, somewhat like a tomato can and
about the same size. It appeared to have a fuse 1 inch long coming out of one of
the ends.

No boats were seen on the deck of the submarine, but the crew of the Reliance
stated that there was a dory on the submarine.

The submarine was painted a light gray and appeared to have been freshly painted.
What could be seen of the bottom appeared clean.

She had two heavy wires about 1 inch thick strung from the bow over the conning
tower to the stem. No anchor or other devices were noticed.

The guns appeared to be darker in color then the hull of the submarine, and the
forward gun had a tampion on the muzzle. No plug was visible, and the cook of the
Pahrur told subject that he noticed a periscope about 25 feet long. It was very hot
in the hold of the submarine.

At 11.20 p. m. on August 10 the dory of the Katie L. Palmer was picked up by the
Helen E, Murley, of New Bedford, and immediately set sail for shore water on Georges
bank and from there headed for New Bedford, arriving there about 12 p. m. August 11.

The man who said he was mate on the submarine state4 that he was 38 years and
that he was the oldest man aboard. The mate of the submarine was questioned as ^o
how many vessels he had simk, and he replied that the Palmer was the ninth vessel
sunk on August 10.

They had about three or four weeks' growth of beard.' About 75 men in the crew.
Stated that they had been here for six months. The crew of the submarine seemed
to be tired of the war, and one said that he wished it would end shortly. He said
that the submarine business was a hard job and that he did not like it.

Mate on submarine stated to Amirault, '* Don't |>ut any guns aboard any fishing
vessel because if you do we will consider you pirates and cut your throat." He
stated that the French had placed guns aboard their fishing vessels.

After sinking the fishing fleet off Georges Banks the next activity
of the TJ-in was two days later, when on August 12 she torpedoed
and sunk (about 25 miles SE. of Fire Island) the Norwegian S. S.
JSommerstadtj 3,875 gross tons, in latitude 40° 10' N., longitude 72°
45' W. The officers and crew of the ship declared that the torpedo
fired by the submarine made a circle and returned, exploding against
the side of their vessel.

A summary of the report of Capt. George Hansen tells the story:

The Sommerstadt left Halifax August 9 in water ballast. A little after 8 o'clock
on the morning of August 12, 1918, I came out on the bridge, where my chief officer
and second officer were at that time. 1 went over to the port side of the bridge and
looked out, and I thought I saw something on the water. I went and took the glasses,
but I could not make out what it was. I stood for a few minutes looking through

92 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

the glasses and then saw a torpedo coming along a little aft from abeam of the ship
about 150 fathoms away.

As soon as I saw the torpedo I stopped the vessel and ordered the engines reversed
and full speed astern. The torpedo went under the vessel, barely missing it, a little
on the fore part of the bridge, and came up on the other side.

I walked across to the other side and I then gave the orders for full speed ahead.

The torpedo went about 1,300 fathoms on the starboard side; then it started to
turn to the left. AVhen I saw the torpedo start to swerve aroimd I gave orders for full
speed ahead. After it passed the bow it made two turns, making a complete circle,
and then struck our vessel aft on the port side exactly between the third and fourth
hold, right at the bulkhead.

The submarine didn^t come to the siu^ace, but after we got into the boats I saw a
stick, and somebody said, "There's the periscope." I wa? expecting the submarine
to come to the surface.

My ship was drawing about 7 feet, and when the torpedo passed imder the ship
she only missed it by about a foot. At first she was traveling at a depth of about 8
feet, but gradually started to come to the surface, and when she finally stxuck us
she was about 5 feet under.

At 6.26 the next morning the British steamer PyrrhuSy when 1
mile north of Fire Island Lightship, sighted a periscope abeam. A'
little over an hour later the periscope w^as again sighted, this time
astern. The Pyrrhus opened fire at a range of 2,600 yards, and the
enemy submerged. Late in the afternoon of the same day the
Frederick R. Kellogg was torpedoed and sunk 30 miles south of,
Ambrose Channel Lightship. The statement of Capt. C, H. White
is as follows:

My ship, the Frederick R. Kellogg y was torpedoed at 5.10 p. m. August 13, 1918,
12 miles north of Bamegat and 5 miles off shore. -Latitude and longitude is not given
for the reason that the ship was simk in 15 seconds.

I was steering at the time. of the attack north by east magnetic. The ship is owned
by the Pan-American Petroleum & Transportation Co., and was carrying a cargo of
oil for the United States Government. It was coming from Tampico, Mexico, bound
for Boston. The Kellogg had a gross tonnage of 7,127 tons, net tonnage of 4, 418 tons.
The port of registry is Los Angeles, Calif., where the ship was registered when built.
Immediately she was taken around to the east coast.

At the time of the accident there were moderate southerly winds, water smooth.
No sign of a submarine, no periscope, nothing suspicious before the attack was seen.
Nothing was seen until after the torpedo exploded, and then for about 150 yards the
wake of the torpedo was seen fey me. No warning was given, and for about an hour
after the attack I looked for some trace of the submarine, expecting that the bow
would be shelled, and absolutely nothing was seen. The ship went down in less
than 15 seconds in shallow water, stem first, and it looked as though the stem were
resting on the bottom. It is my opinion that this ship might possibly be salvaged
if immediate action were taken. ^®

The torpedo stmck the ship in the engine room in the after part of the ship on the
port side, and I attempted to give the signal to clear the engine room, but communi-
cation had already been cut off, and stepping out on the fly bridge I pulled the whistle
until the steam was out, and turning my head once more toward aft I saw the ship
completely under water and sinking rapidly by the stem. The engine room and
fu*eroom were together.

>* The Frederick B. Kellong was salvaged before the end of the month of August.

THE TJ-117. 93

The torpedo must have been close to the water for the reason that it blew up two
eteel decks and a wooden deck and a lifeboat on the port quarter clean into the air.
There was one engineer, the third assistant, one fireman, and one oiler on watch,
and all three were killed. Four others were killed or drowned. These men were
in the vicinity of the engine room. They were the second engineer, one mess boy,
and two cadets^

The ship was imarmed. However, she was measured last trip for gun platforms.
It was impossible to do anything for the defense of the ship, for she was torpedoed
without warning and the sinking was instantaneous. Even if the ship had been
armed nothing could have been done.

On the 14th the U-ll? halted the American schooner Dorothy B,
Barrett J 2,088 gross tons, about 6 miles from Five Fathom Bank
Lightship. The crew of the Barrett took to their boats and the sub-
marine after following them for a time returned to the prize and de-
stroyed her. William Merritt, master of the schooner, tells the fol-
lowing story of his escape from his ship, his rescue by the U. S. S.
Kingfisher, and the action of the latter vessel in warning an unknown
tanker of the presence of the raider:

The schooner Dorothy Barrett wss at 9 o'clock about 6 miles NE. of Five Fathom
Bank Lightship, heading NNE., when from the WNW. a submarine on the surface
about 4 miles away ESE. fired one shot. The Dorothy Barrett hove to and lowered
her jib sail and abandoned ship. The submarine came within 2 miles and sub-
merged. 1 started my boat NW. to try and get some assistance. After getting within
1} miles of the submarine 1 stopped the boat for awhile and then thought I had better
try to secure aome help.

1 was to the north and west of the submarine. Then he made a short circle and then
I had to go on the outside. 1 then had him on a line between me and the ship. Now
I was between him and the shore. He waited a while to see what 1 would do. I
thought if he wanted that vessel he would take it, and in the meantime I would try
to get some help. I then gave our boat a NW. course, then headed WNW. and ran
in on that until 1 foimd the Kingfisher. The submarine followed me for a while and
then stopped and showed his conning tower. 1 kept going and bye and bye 1 got
away. He was going to the ship again, and worked on to a line between me and the
ship with his conning tower still up. Then for about 10 minutes after that 1 saw the
Kingfisher coming from the northward. 1 laid my coiu*se to the Kingfisher to see if
he could not give us some assistance. He swung around as soon as 1 signaled him
and I went aboard.

1 asked the captain what he had to fight with. He said he had three-inch guns,
and 1 told him that the submarine was too big for him to tackle with that kind of
gun. I then went up on the bridge and asked him what he was going to do. He
said he was going to run for shoal water. We had been running about west only a
short time when we sighted the oil tanker. I said to the captain, '* He is going to get
that fellow, also, and to shift our course to warn the tanker." The submarine was
on our starboard quarter and we commenced firing. We were then heading about
west and that submarine was about 2} miles on our stem, just so we could fire by the
pilot house. I did not see the conning tower then, but the gunner said he saw it,
and he fired a couple of shots.

When I saw the tanker she was headed SE. By this time she had also seen the
submarine, 1 guess. We did not have but little time to go down toward him, and
started to fire on this submarine, and then we had to watch the fellows. We kept
right on down that way toward him and started to fire and put on all the steam we
could; but, as I said before, we wanted to get in shoal water.

94 GERMAiir SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

Then the submarine came up and went right ahead of us and we fired about three
shots. From the time we abandoned oiur ship to the timd these shots were fired, I
judge it was about three-quarters of an hour.

Some of them came pretty near. Just before we shot the last few times a big black
smoke cloud came up out of the water. It was coming up just like steam. Then,
about five minutes later, another big black steam cloud seemed to rise Irom the water
from near the vicinity of the submarine and kept coming up for about 10 minutes.
I called the captain's attention to it, but he said he could not tell what it was. I do
not believe it was over 5 fathoms deep where that submarine was. The last thing I
did before I left my vessel was to heave the lead and it showed 15 fathoms. If we
had only had one of your fast submarine-chasing boats there we could have gotten
that fellow because he was in shallow water and could not turn very fast.

Capt. Frederick Rouse, master of the Brazilian motor schooner
Madrugada, which was the next victim of the U-ll?, made the fol-
lowing report of the loss of his vessel:

The Madrugada had a gross tonnage of 1,613, and a net tonnage of 1,288. Her home
port was New York, and she left on August 13 at about 11 a. m., bound for Santos,
Brazil, with a general cargo. I

On August 15 at 7.15 a. m., in latitude 37*> 5(K N., longitude 74*» 55^ W., the first
mate sighted a vessel about 2 miles>ofif. This vessel was entirely out of the water,
and did not look like a submarine when we first saw her. The first mate called me
and said, '^I don't know what to make of her; she looks like a destroyer to me."
She then opened fire on us, her first shot falling about 100 feet over the starboard
bow, and the next shot falling about 20 feet ahead. She then fired a third shot,
which fell slightly over her port bow. By that time we had stopped our engines,
putting the wheel hard down. A fourth shot was then fired, which struck the engine
room. They then fired a fifth shot right on the water line, and seeing there was no
chance to save the vessel, I ordered the crew to take to the boats, which we all did
without mishap. While we were pulling away they fired two more diots, staying at
the same distance from the ship all the time. They did not fire at the lifeboats.
After we got well away from the ship the submarine steamed right up under her stem
and put two shots in her stem, at a distance of about 20 feet, and then put another
shot through the cabin, setting fire to the oil tank. She was burning as she went
down, and the last we saw of her the whole bowsprit was sticking out of the water.
She had 1,000 tons of cement on board at the time, and I think when this cement
settles to the bottom it will cause the bowsprit to remain above the water, making it
a menace to navigation. The submarine did not signal us at any time, nor did she
offer to render us any assistance. The sea was calm during the attack.

After they had fired the first shot at us, my wireless operator, F. L. Cook, who is
stationed at the City Port Barracks, Armed Guard, Brooklyn, N. Y., sent out an
SOS call, but we had not time to wait for any response. My vessel was not armed.
At the time my ship was sunk the weather was a little hazy, and as the submarine
was about 2 miles off, I could not get a good look at her; I could barely make out
the forms of two or three men at the guns.

The submarine was the ordinary type, about 400 feet in length. This 1 judge
from the fact that my ship was about 250 feet long, and when the submarine was
standing by before sinking her, she overlapped my vessel on both ends. The sub-
marine had a wireless* rigged up. She had two guns, one fore and one aft of the con-
ning tower, which I judge to be 6-inch guns. She was painted dark and had no
distinguishing marks at all on her. Owing to the fact that she did not come near
us at any time, and the weather being hazy, I did not get a very good look at her.
After sinking my ship she kept right on to the westward, without submerging, and

THE U-117. 95

disappeared. We were picked up by the Taunton at about 11.30 a. m. 10 mileB
southwest of Winter Quarters Shoals. Nobody from the submarine boarded the
Madrugada,

The day after the sinking of the Madrugada the Norwegian bark
Nordhav, 2,846 gross tons, bound from Buenos Aires to New York
with a cargo of linseed, was halted by shell fire in latitude 36® 42' N.,
longitude 74*^ 05' W. The statement of Capt. Sven Marcussen of
the Nordhav may be summarized as follows:

On August 17 at 6.30 a. m., when his vessel was 120 miles east southeast of Cape
Henry, heading north northwest, a submarine was sighted 1} miles astern coming
slowly. The submarine proceeded until it was abreast of the ship on the port side
still 1) miles distant.

At 7 a. m. the submarine fired a shot over the ship followed quickly by two more
shots. The Norhdav was hove to and the lifeboats made ready. The submarine
signaled for papers to be brought aboard. The captain took 12 jnen in the ship's
boat and was rowed to the submarine. He delivered the papers to the submarine
and was asked where ship came from and where bound and what cargo she had.
These questions were answered.

Capt. Marcussen with his men together with four Germans, one of whom was an
officer returned to the ship. The German officer spoke excellent English. He said
that he had been first officer on vessels trading between Hamburg and South America.
He asked the captain if he had any potatoes on board.

When the ship was reached the crew were allowed 20 minutes in which to get
together their effects. During this time the Germans placed hang bombs over the
port side of the vessel, one forward and one aft and one amidships.

The captain and his crew then returned to the submarine and were all ordered
below except four sailors, who were left in the boats. The men were kept aboard the
submarine four hours; when they came on deck, their ship was laid over at an angle
about 45^. She sank in half an hour. The men remained in open boats for 29 hours
and were picked up on August 18 about 6 p. m. by the U. S. S. Kearsarge, They
arrived at Boston on August 20 about 3.30 p. m.

The following is a description of the submarine which attacked the Nordhav: 250
to 300 feet long, 25 feet beam. She was painted dark gray. In places the paint
appeared to have been chipped which made some spots on her hull darker than
others, which the captain said somewhat resembled camouflage. The hull of the
submarine was fairly clean and in good condition except in places where chipped
as previously described. The captain did not see any name or number on the sub-
marine, but states that his steward claims to have seen U-117 on the hull. The
bow was nearly straight being but slightly curved and a little slanting from the peak
to the water line. The captain did not get a good view of the stern and declined to
describe it.

The main deck was about 4 feet above the water. The conning tower was located
amidships, and was 8 or 9 feet high from the deck forward, and about a foot lower aft.
The metal plate around the forward part of the conning tower was carried about three
feet above the deck of the tower, serving as a protection to the men stationed there.
The remainder of the tower about 1 foot lower than the forward part was surrounded
by a railing a little lower than the plate.

She had three guns, one large, probably a 6-inch, forward, half way between the
bow and the conning tower and two others which he thought were smaller than the
6-inch gun, located aft, about half way between the conning tower and the stern.
His recollections of the appearance of the after guns was a little hazy, and he declined
to commit himself on these points. The captain did not see any periscope.

96 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

Capt. Marcussen stated that he had not seen any torpedo tubes or cables on board
the submarine. She had no boat so far as he knew.

At the bow she had a sawtooth arrangement running fore and aft for a distance of
about 4 to 6 feet. It started low over the bow and was higher at the other end being
about 4 feet above the deck at the point where the wireless was attached. There was
a railing running around the whole main deck.

The captain entered the submarine through a hatchway, just aft of the forward gun.
He passed through the chart room. (He declined to give any description of the chart
room, stating that he only passed through it and did not notice anything about the
furnishings or navigating instruments, etc.) He next passed into a room about 6
feet by 9 feet, having two bunks on one side and a sofa on the other. He thought that
this made sleeping accommodations for four men. This room had no other furnishings
so far as he could tell. None of the remainder of the interior of the submarine was
visited by the captain. He saw 20 to 25 men on deck. The commander of the sub-
marine informed him that he had a crew of 40. The men looked well fed, but had
a pale yellow color and appeared dirty. He thought the officers were from 26 to 40
years of age, and the men were mostly younger. All the officers had uniforms of
material similar to khaki, with some sort of a mark on the shoulder. They wore caps
with visors, having an insignia over the visor. The crew were mostly dressed in
dungaree and khaki. Some of the men said that they simk a ship nearly every day.
When asked how long thay had been away from Hamburg, one of the men said four
weeks, and others laughed at this remark and said it was nearer six months.

On August 20 the Italian S. S. Ansaldo the Third encountered the
TJ-117 in latitude 38*^ 57' N-., longitude 70° 48' W. The submarine
was first sighted at 7 o'clock in the morning. She attempted to cross
the bow of the steamer and was prevented from so doing by gunfire.
Thwarted in this she drew up abeam the Ansaldo at a distance of
2i miles and began a gun duel which lasted for almost three hours
during which 200 shots were exchanged. The steamer having ex-
hausted her supply of ammimition, put on all possible speed and suc-
ceeded in making her escape. Several shells from the submarine
took eflFect; the afterpart of the Ansaldo was damaged, one gun put
out of commission, and three members of the crew wounded.

At 9 a. m. the following morning the British S. S. Thespis sighted
the periscope of the U-ll? in latitude 39*^ 64' N., longitude 69*" 25 W.
The Thespis turned stem to and made off at full speed. The subma-
rine then dove and it was believed she had been shaken off. At
10.40, however, the wake of a torpedo was observed. The steamer
having succeeded in avoiding injury by the narrow margin of 20 feet,
the submarine rose to the surface and opened fire. The Thespis
replied and after a running fight lasting half an hour outdistanced
her enemy.

At 6 p. m. the same day, when in latitude 40** 30' N., longitude
58® 36' W., Capt. Eric Risberg, of the Swedish steamer Algeriaj 2,190
gross tons, sighted the raider about a mile off, on the port beam of
his ship.

The captain states that the next thing he knew the submarine fired a shot which
fell about 600 feet off the port beam; he then stopped the engines and gave two long

?J

:■;■.;

UNiV. OF

THE XJ-117. 97

blasts of the whistle to indicate that there was no headway of his ship. The sub-
marine then hoisted the international code letters ^^T. A. R./' and the captain of
the Algeria replied, "I can see your letters but can not make out the meaning."

The submarine then fired the second shot, which fell on the port side very close to
the ship. After the second shot the captain ordered the boat lowered and proceeded
to board the submarine. The submarine in the meantime swung under a starboard
helm and came astern of the Algeria, laying starboard side to the stem of the Algeria' 8,
distant about one-quarter of a mile. While in this position the captain pulled along-
side and boarded the submarine from the starboard iside. "

When he approaced the submarine, he was told to go up on the conning tower, and
when he got on the conning tower the commander first said to him, *' Why did you not
lower a boat at once when you saw the submarine; your actions were not those of a
neutral." The captain answered, "You were showing no flag, and it not being the
first submarine I have seen and being so close to American waters, I assumed it to
be an American submarine." He then asked where the captain was bound. He
replied Gothenburg to Sandy Hook for orders.

He then took the Algerians log and examined it, and when he found that she had
been operating on the United States coast he said that was the "end." The captain
replied, "You should not be guided by what I have been doing in the past but by
what I am doing in the present." The chief officer of the submarine said to the
captain of the submarine that the captain of the Algeria was correct; that they had
nothing to do with what he had been doing before. At this point several of the officers
of the submarine joined in the conversation, all of which was in German, and took
the side of the chief officer, stating among other things that if they sank the Algeria
the German Government would have to pay for it.

The discussion lasted about 45 minutes to an hoiu*. The commander of the sub-
marine then turned to the captain of the Algeria and stated he was sorry, but he would
have to let him go; but the next time he caught him, he would sink him without
warning. He asked the captain if he would give him his word of honor that the
Algeria was not under charter of the United States Shipping Board, and the captain
said "Yes," but added that all he knew was that he was under sailing directions to
report to New York for orders. The other officers on the submarine addressed the
commander, who was the man the captain of the Algeria spoke to, as (Herr Kapitan-
Leutnant.) The captain of the submarine was not over 5 feet 4 inches tall, thick set,
round face, black hair, dark eyes, clean shaven, and about 35 years old. The first
officer of the submarine was about 5 feet 8 inches, and had light hair. The submarine
was about 300 feet long, high bow, but stem was not awash. The conning tower was
about 10 to 12 feet, on top of which was a wireless leading from the bow to the con-
ning tower and to the stem, insulated at places with glass. The captain saw no
periscope, and no identification marks; she had two guns, the forward one appeared
to be 6-inch and the after gun was 75-mm. ; there were no torpedo tubes. There- was
a hatch midway between the conning tower and the after gun, which appeared to
be an ammunition hatch. The submarine was of the double hull type, with numerous
portholes on her outer shell. According to the marks, she was at the time drawing
about 4.2 meters of water. Capt. Risberg saw no net-cutting device. There was a
life rail around the midship portion of the submarine, but whether it extended clear
forward and aft, the captain is unable to tell.**

On the 24t]i, the Canadian three-masted schooner Bianca, 408
gross tons, bound from Brazil to Canada with a cargo of tobacco,
was attacked by shell fire in latitude 43° 13' N., longitude 61° 05'

c ^

• Beport of the Aid for Information, New York, N. Y.
181062''— 20 1

98 GERMAN SUBMABINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

W. The crew abandoned the vessel and the Germans boarded and
bombed her. They apparently did not remain to see the vessel sink,
for three days later she was picked up at sea by a Boston fishing
schooner and towed to Halifax, her cargo of tobacco having swelled
and stopped the leaks.

The next victim of the U-117 was the American steam trawler Rush,
162 gross tons, which was. overhauled and sunk in latitude 44® 30'
N., longitude 58° 02' W., on August 26.*^

Statement of Joseph Golart, seaman from the American schooner
Rush:

The Rushy owned by the Commonwealth Fishing Co., of Boston, Mass., under the
command of Alvro P. Quadros, left Boston on August 20, 1918, on a fishing voyage
to Quero Banks. At 5.45 a. m., August 26, 1918, in latitude 44® 30^ N., longitude
58° 02^ W., or about 135 miles southeast of Canso, we sighted a submarine and it
came within 50 feet of us across our stem. They told us to lower our forward sails,
which we did, and the captain and three members of the crew, Joseph Golart, Joseph
Telles, and Joseph Tasida, got into one of the boats and we went alongside of tiie
submarine. When we got alongside, they took our boat and ordered us to go below,
and we stayed below on the submarine for three hours, and when we came on deck
again we saw the wreckage of our vessel, but we did not hear any explosion.

The submarine was about 250 feet long, jwiinted a light gray, with a dark-brown
daub above the water line; no distinguishing mark; large conning tower; no masts
seen; two guns, one forward about 12 feet long, one aft about 6 feet long, both looked
to be of 5-inch bore, wireless running from the conning tower forward and aft; side
lights on the conning tower; had German Diesel engines, depth about 50 feet.

There were about 60 men in the crew and we only saw 2 officers. They were not
dressed in uniform, but wore brown leather trousers and some wore leather coats.
The captain of the submarine was short, thick set, blond hair and beard, wore an
officer's cap, but no coat. When we were taken below, they put us in the motor or
battery room, and from there we could see the engine room and its force. Several
of the crew in the engine room spoke to us in English and told us that they had sunk
nine vessels off Georges Banks. The captain of the submarine showed our captain
a list of the vessels he had sunk. I do not recall all of the names, but some of them
are: Progress y Old Time, Katie Palmer , and Mary Sennett.

The second officer was short, thick set, blond, clean shaven; spoke Spanish, Por-
tuguese, and very good English. Said that he had been at St. Michaels in the
Azores, but did not state whether he was in a submarine or not. Also, stated that
he was outside of Boston Light 14 days ago. One of the engineers told us that they
could not keep us on board because they did not have enough room, but that they
had larger submarines. I think they were short of fuel, for when we came aboard
they measured their oil tanks and found only 4 inches in the tanks. They took
1,200 gallons of fuel oil from our vessel. They said that they had been getting news-
papers and magazines, and the captain of the submarine told our captaia that others
had been reporting they only had four gims^on board the submarine, an^'^that he
was to report they had eight. They treated us courteously.

We came on deck about 8.35 a. m. and they ordered us to shove off. Our captain
told the captain of the submarine that we had no food, and they supplied us with two
buckets of fresh water and some of our own crackers, which they had taken from our
vessel. They took everything from our vessel, including stores, fuel oil and tools.

41 The Plitos was reported sunk on the same day, but the United States Commeroe Department report
that there W99 no suoh American ship as the Pluos and that the report undoubtedly referred to the Ruih.

THE U-117. 99

We pulled away from the submarine about 9 and at 11 a. m. we sighted the John J.
FaUonf who picked us up and landed us at Ganso.

The sea was calm^and there was a thick fog. The vessel was unarmed and nobody
was injured.

The day following the sinking of the fishing vessel, the Norwegian
steamer Bergsdalen, 2,550 gross tons, was sunk by a torpedo in latitude
45° 10' N., longitude 55** 10' W., about 110 miles SW. true from
Cape Race. The attack was made without warning and the sub-
marine was not sighted by the crew of the steamer. The Bergsdalen
sank so rapidly that there was not suJSicient time to laimch all the
boats. Many of the men had to leap overboard «and one was lost in
so doing.

The last operation of the TJ-117 On this side of the Atlantic was
the sinking of two Canadian fishing schooners on August 30, in
latitude 50° 30' N., longitude 47° W. The two vessels, the Elsie
Porter and fhe Potentate, were overhauled while in company and were
both sunk by bombs. Some of the details of the encoimter as given
by W. M. Rheinliar3, master of the EJlsie Porter, are as follows:

Submarine first sighted approaching the schooner from the eastward and fired rifle
shots to stop the schooner. The submarine showed no colors at any time. All the
provisions were taken off the schooner and the captain of the submarine asked the
master ^f the Porter the course that steamers usually took from Newfoundland to
Canada. Mob^t replied that he did not know. Submarine commander then threat-
ened to take the master to Germany or make him do pilot work. He took the ship's
papers.

Submarine had no niunber, appeared to be from 300 to 400 feet long. Had the
whaleback deck forward and steel slats in front of conning tower. Conning tower
was 15 to 18 feet high. Had large gun forward, but could not see whether there was
a gun on the bow to conning tower and from conning tower to stem. No wireless
gear seen. Submarine was painted a dark steel color and paint looked to be about
two months old. No marks of damage were seen on the submarine. Officers and
crew wore leather uniforms and naval caps. Commanding officer was about 35 years
old, medium height, thin face, sharp nose, dark complexion, black hair, and appear-
ance dirty. The master and crew were treated humanely and were offered tobacco,
matches, and compass on leaving submarine.

Submarine crew stated that they were tired of war and were only being made to
fight by their officers. The submarine claimed to have sunk the schooner Bianca, and
from charts seen submarine had come from Cape Race.

^^he steamship Solherg picked up part of crew of the Elsie Porter in latitude 47° 40^
N., longitude 51® 08^ W. at 1.15 p. m. on September 1. The same ship picked up
crew of Potentate which was sunk by submarine at 8 p. m. on August 30. .

The sinking of the two schooners evidently took place while the
raider was on her homeward way.

On September 9 she went to the assistance of the U-I40 which
had been forced to call for aid because of a leak, also on her return
voyage, and the two spent the day in company in latitude 54° 10' N.,
longitude 22° 30' W. ; and then proceeded into the North Sea.^* The

« See pagt 82 (U-140).

100 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

U-117 passed the Skaw and Albach Bay safely, but apparently ran
short of fuel oil later, for in October as she approached the German
coast, torpedo-boat destroyers were sent out to tow her into Kiel.

THE CRUISE OF U-155.

The TJ-155 was the original German submarine of the converted
mercantile type having been, before her conversion into a commerce
destroyer, the famous submersible cargo carrier, the DeutsehlaTid.
After the entry of the United States into the war this vessel to-
gether with others built for merchant service were refitted and soon
after made their appearance as raiders. It seemed fitting to the
Germans that this vessel, which, had in her peaceful character made
two trips to American ports, now to be dispatched to western
Atlantic waters to attack the commerce of the United States.

It was early in August of 1918 that the ex-DeutscTiland imder the
command of Kapitanleutnant Erick Eckelmann left Kiel on her
errand of destruction. She was sighted off Udsire (lat. 59° 19' N.,
long. 4° 50' E.) on August 16, going north.

The first attack made by the TJ-166 was directed against tlie
American steamship Montoso, of 3,129 gross tons, on August 27, 1918,
in latitude 40° 19' N., longitude 32° 18' W. The following ^is the
statement of A. O. Forsyth, master of the steamer Monto^o:

On the evening of August 27, 6 p. m. (A. T. S.), in latitude 40° 24^ N., longitude
31® 41^ W., it was reported to me that a suspicious looking wake had been seen on our
port beam, resembling that thrown up by a small steamboat. I was at dinner at the
time, and it had disappeared by the time I had reached the bridge.

I gave orders for an especially good lookout to be kept, and remained on the bridge
myself. Signaled to U. S. S. Rondo and the U. S. S. Ticonderogaj which were in com-
pany with us, and asked the Rondo (who was acting as commander by mutual con-
sent) if he did not think it advisable to make a radical change in our course after
dark, in order to prevent our being followed successfully. He changed the course 20°
and to starboard.

At 9 p. m. (A. T. S.), latitude 40° 19^ N., longitude 32° 18^ W., I distinctly saw the
outline of a long, low dark object on our port beam about 2,000 yards away, showing
about 4 feet. I called the attention of the chief boatswain mate, commanding the
Armed Guard, to it. He immediately went to the after gun and opened fire, in the
meantime I ordered course to starboard to bring the object on our port quarter,
leaving it a little open so that forward gun would bear on it. We fired six shots from
aft and foiu* from forward, and the Ticonderoga fu-ed two, the Rondo was unarmed.
Submarine making about 10 knots, we about the same.

Just after we opened fire, two shots fell a few hundred yards astern of us, evidently
the submarine had lost sight of us and was firing at the flashes of our after gun; if so,
his range was good, but direction poor.

I did not see him after the first shot was fired from our forward gun, as the flash of
the gun blinded me, but when I first observed him he was directly under the star
"An tares" and I could see that our shots were good as far as direction was concerned.
If we did not hit him, we prevented his surprise attack, and scared him badly.

Lost sight of Ticonderoga and the Rondo for the balance of the night, but picked
them up the next morning. Signaled the Ticonderoga and compared notes. He said

J

-»•"•»

THE GERMAN SUBMARINE. U-155^, -v •, • • • 101

«• • ^ .• •

he was of the opinion that there were two submarines. I saw only one, however.
He also said submarine had fired three or four shots. I only observed two under our
stem and they were so close I had to see them. I can not give too much credit to the
crew of this ship for the manner in which they conducted themselves, both the Armed
Guards and the civilians, every man being in his place in the shortest possible time,
and absolute discipline prevailed.

Four days after this encounter the submarine scored her first
success, capturing and sinking with bombs the Portuguese schooner
Gamo, 315 gross tons, in latitude 46° N., longitude 32° W.

The day following, the U. S. S. Frank H. Bucky 6,077 tons gross,
was attacked in latitude 45° 38' N., longitude 37° 17' W. The
gim crew of the tanker bested the submarine in an engagement
which lasted half an hour, some of their shots thought to be direct
hits. The commander of the American vessel reported his belief
that the enemy had been sunk, but the submarine continued to
operate.

U. S. S. Frarik H. Buck, Capt. George E. McDonald, lieutenant commander, U. S. N.
R. F., from Fairhaven Island, left August 27, and reports that on September 1 at 8.25
a. m.— weather clear, fresh breezes from northwest, sea choppy, in latitude 45® 38^,
longitude 37® 17'' — sighted an enemy submarine on the starboard beam at 14,000 yards.
Submarine opened fire with two 6-inch guns. We answered fire with forward 3-inch
gun. We saw the shot fall about 400 yards short and immediately swung stem for-
ward to submarine, using after gun of 6-inch caliber. Our shots were very close to
submarine and the submarine's shrapnel was bursting very near to us, some of the
pieces falling upon our deck amidships. We changed the course frequently in short
swings, which seemed to upset the submarine's aim and range. As soon as submarine
saw our range was equal to hers she hauled away from us. Up to that time she had
been closing in on us so that the range was down to 10,000 yards. Before submarine
could get out of range our twenty -eighth shot from the 6-inch gun apparently hit her
stem. The twenty-ninth shot hit her just forward of the conning tower, near and under
the water line. The bow immediately shot up into the air very suddenly, then
settled and then went down out of sight, the stem making a half turn toward us and
then it disappeared.

Upon shot striking submarine we very clearly saw a terriffic explosion and black
smoke. The charge of the shot was T. N. T. The whole submarine was enveloped
in a cloud of smoke. I am positive that we destroyed her, as she disappeared almost
instantly after the shot struck her.

On September 2 the Norwegian steamer SJiortindj 2,560 tons gross,
was sunk by torpedo in latitude 45° 15' N., longitude 30® W., about
400 miles north of Fayal.

On September 7 the British S. S. Monmouth^ 4,078 tons gross, was
chased and shelled in latitude 43° N., longitude 45° 50' W., without
warning.

The excellence of the Allied intelligence service is shown by a mes-
sage received in Washington on September 9:

S. S. Monihiyiith reports that on September 7th, she was chased about latitude 43° N.,
longitude 45° 40^ W. Should this report prove reliable submarine would be one of the
two converted mercantile type which were expected to sail fiom Germany about the
middle of 'August, and she would reach the American coast about September 15. It is
known that the other had not left Kiel on September 2.

102 .G515MAK §UBMAB]CN^ ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

The other submarine spoken of was the TJ-1S9, which left ?jel
about the end of the first week in September, 1918.

At 6.10 a. m. on the morning of September 12 the U-165 torpedoed
and sahk the Portuguese steamer Leixoes, 3,345 tons gross, in ballast,
from Hull to Boston, in latitude 42^ 45' N., longitude 51° 37' W.
The captain of the Leixoes, Joaquim F. Sucena, gave the following
accoimt of the loss of his ship:

The torpedo struck on the staxboard side of No. 4 hatch; submarine was not visible.
As soon as the ship was hit I saw she was going to sink, and I ordered all hands to take
to the lifeboats, and all of my confidential books were sunk. The ship was heading
east by south true. Fifteen minutes after the ship was struck the submarine appeared
on the starboard beam about one-quarter mile distant. Our vessel sank in about 15
minutes and before we got alongside of the submarine.

The submarine was about 500 feet long; four gims, two aft and two forward, about
6-inch; straight flat deck, sharp bow, no railing; wireless running from conning tower
aft; one very small x)e.riscope; painted black and it looked like brand new paint; was
not flying any colors, nor did she have any number. The captain of the submarine
was of light complexion, dark mustache, wore no imiiorm, but had on a cap; was
heavy set and he spoke splendid English, very much like an American. He asked
what ship it was, and we said it was a Portuguese ship, and then he asked if there
were any Englishmen on board, and I said no, and then he ordered all hands up on
deck. There were about 50 men in the crew of the submarine. When he ordered us
to shove off he did not give us any course, neither did he give us any provisions. The
submarine went to the eastward, steaming on the surface.

One man lost his life on the ship. He was probably asleep when the ship was struck
and did not wake up. Two other men lost their lives from exposure and cold.

On September 13 the U-166 was worsted in another nmning battle
with an armed British merchant ship, the Newhy HaU, of 4,391 tons
gross. The following is a statement of F. O. Seaborne, master of the
Newhy HaU, to the United States naval authorities:

The Newhy Hall left Barry on August 30, 1918, and left Milford Haven on September
1, 1918, in convoy, bound for New York. On September 3 at 6 p. m. we were ordered
to detach convoy and proceed to destination according to secret orders. All went
well until Friday, September 13, at 9.52 a. m., in latitude 42® 18^ N., longitude 58**
22' W. We sighted a torpedo coming toward us from three points on the port bow.
We immediately put helm hard starboard. The torpedo missed by about 6 feet,
passing our bows from an angle over to the starboard side. I then steered parallel to
track of the torpedo, and at 9.56 a. m. (approximate) I altered to SSW., thereby
bringing position of the submarine astern and instnicting engineers to give all speed
possible.

At 10 a. m. we sighted submarine coming to surface bearing north; 1 then kept
him astern steering an irr^^lar zigzag course (about 3,000 yards).

We saw their gun crews coming out of the conning tower and manning the two guns.
They commenced firing immediately and we replied with our gun. He was then
steering in a westerly direction and going at a moderate speed, and to keep him astern
we had to gradually alter course to the eastward.

The enemy was firing rapidly with both guns. The forward one appeared to be of
larger caliber than the other. After about 50 rounds with oiu* gun a direct hit, smoke,
flash, explosion put his forward and largest gun out of action. When the smoke
cleared we found this gun had tilted over to an angle of about 30*' and no guiji crew was

THE GERMAN SUBMARINE U-156. 103*

to be seen. Soon after we scored another hit on his forward end, the fore part of the
forward gun causing an explosion and a volume of smoke. After that we scored another
hit on his after end, about 20 feet aft the after gun. He then reduced his speed and
seemed to be under difficulties, but continued firing with his after and smaller gtin.

At about 13,000 yards we outranged him and he ceased firing. He headed toward
us and appeared as if he was chasing us, but in a few minutes he was broadside on
to us again and stopped and suddenly disappeared. Action lasted from 10 a. m. to
11.20 a. m., when firing ceased. Enemy commenced and ceased firing first.

During the action the enemy used shrapnel and high explosive shells, but none
hit the ship except shrapnel. None of the crew was injured. - Two boats on the port
side were riddled and one plate amidship on the port side dented and badly cut in
numerous places by shrapnel or burst shell. All the crew behaved splendidly through-
out the action, and special praise is due to the gun layer for his coolness and the mas-
terful way he handled the gun, and also the gun*s crew who worked very hard;
also the officers and engineers who assisted in passing up the ammunition.

Distress signals were sent out by wireless for assistance and answered immediately
by United States patrol, who endeavored to come to our assistance but as the weather
became thick and rainy we saw nothing of him. All secret books and codes were
thrown overboard during the action.

The submarine was about 250 to 300 feet long; black in color; cutter bow; flush
deck; gradually sloping into the water at the stem. There was a platform about 3
feet high amidships and 40 to 50 feet in length; in the center of the platform was the
conning tower about 10 feet long at the base and 4 or 5 feet high. The after vertical
portion of the conning tower was not parallel with the forward portion as the conning
tower was smaller at the top than at the bottom. The forward gun was about 20 to
30 feet from the forward part of the platform. A mast or periscope extended from the
forward portion of the platform and another was situated on the after portion.
They were the same height as the conning tower.

During the ensuing seven days the mactivity of the U-156 against
ships may be attributed to the fact that it was reported in advance
that one of her purposes was to lay mines oflf Halifax and the Nova
Scotia coast. The sighting of an enemy submarine there and the
discovery of mines oflf Halifax confirm the correctness of that report.

The American steam trawler Kingfisher, 353 gross tons, was the
next victim of the ex-Deutschland, The fishing iressel was stopped
on September 20 when in latitude 43° 31' N., longtitude 61'' 53', W.
After the trawler was abandoned, her crew were ordered alongside
the submarine where they were questioned and then ordered to
proceed. They heard what they took to be the explosion of bombs
after they were out of sight of their vessel but could not be sure
that their ship, the Kingfisher , had been destroyed. The oflicers
and crew of the submarine were described as follows, by the crew
of the Kingfisher:

The commanding officer was about 6 feet tall, thin, ruddy complexion, sandy
hair, wearing short side whiskers, and appeared to be between 25 and 30 years of age.
Another officer of the submarine was about 5 feet 8 inches tall, light complexion,
clean shaven, and weighed about 180 pounds. About 53 men were counted on the
deck of the submarine, wearing various kinds of uniforms. The crew were all young
men and apparently healthy and contented.

104 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

It was more than a week before the submarine was agam definitely
located, although the alio of an unknown vessel was reported
September 26 from latitude 43° 15' N., longtitude 65° W., the approxi-
mate whereabouts of the submarine.

On the twenty-ninth, the British S. S. Reginolitej 2,246 tons gross,
was attacked at 12.25 p. m. by gunfire, in latitude 40° 51' N., longi-
tude 66° 40' W. Thfe submarine opened fire at a distance of about
5,000 yards and continued firing for 45 minutes without result.
The Reginolite returned the fire while steering a zigzag course at
her best speed. The submarine being outdistanced gave up the
chase and submerged.

On October 2 the British steamer Nevasa, 9,071 tons gross, sighted
the submarine in latitude 38° 31' N., longitude 68° 23' W. The
submarine which was about 8 miles away when first seen attempted
to overtake the steamer without success; then swung broadside to,
fired one shot which fell far sh^rt and abandoned the chase.

On October 3 and 4 the U-156 scored two successess; the first the
torpedoing of the Italian S. S. Alberto Treves, 3,838 gross tons, in
latitude 38° 20' N., longitude 67° 10' W.; the second the destruction
by bombs of the British schooner Indv^trial, 330 gross tons, in latitude
37° 57' N., longitude 66° 41' W., about 250 miles SEJ S. (true) from
Nantucket Island.

On October 12, the American S. S. AmpTiion, 7,409 tons gross,
formerly the German S. S. Koln, and belonging to the United States
Shipping Board, in ballast from Bordeaux to New York, was attacked
in latitude 36° 06' N., longitude 62° 59' W. The submarine appeared
at 10 a. m. and at once opened fire on the steamer, the second shot
carrying away the wireless. A battle lasting over an hour ensued
during which time the AmpMon gradually drew away from her pursuer.
The submarine fired almost 200 shots, a number of which took effect.
Two men were mortally wounded and a number of others were seriously
injured by shrapnel; five of the steamer's lifeboats were riddled and
her superstructure was badly damaged. The AmpTiion fired 72 shots
in return, the last of which appeared to be a hit. Immediately after
this the submarine, by this time well astern, abandoned the chase
and submerged.

Five days after the attack on the AmpTiion the 11-155 scored the
final success of her cruise, by sinking the U. S. A. C. T. Lucia, of
6,744 gross tons, owned by the United States Shipping Board, and
bound from New York to Marseilles, France. In the report of C. F.
Leary, master of the Lucia, to the United States Shipping Board,
he says:

At 5.30 p. m. on October 17, 1918, the U. S. A. 0. T. Luda, bound for an European
port in convoy (without escort), was torpedoed in the engine-room on port side, kill-
ing four men. The position at the time was latitude 38° 05^ N., longitude 50° 50^ W.

THE GERMAN SUBMARINE U-155. 105

There was no sign of any submarine to be seen. I bad just finished my supper and
was going on the bridge. The commander of the armed guard, who was on top of
the chart house several minutes before I got on the bridge, said he saw the wake of
the^rpedo about 100 yards off, and had guns trained in that direction. There was
an efficient lookout kept at all times. Our speed at that time was 10^ knots. The
S. S. Hawaiian J our guide ship, was about two or three points on our port bow, about
1,000 yards distant. We immediately sent out SOS calls and our position, and
semaphored the guide ship Hawaiian, to broadcast same. We sent out SOS calls
from time to time on auxiliary set, imtil five minutes before leaving ship.

As we fully expected the U-boat to return and send another torpedo into us or
shell us, I decided after a consultation with the commander of the armed guard and
officers, to lower three boats and put civilian crew afloat and hold on to bow and stem
of the ship. As our No. 4 lifeboat was destroyed by the explosion, and her
complement was 22 persons, four of whom were killed in the engine room, 18
persons were left to divide up in the remaining boats. There three boats himg by
ropes from the stem of the ship all night until morning of the 18th of October. I had
civilian crew come on board and get some food and return to their boats. Our after
decks were awash at this time (1 a. m.). Our engine room and fireroom and No. 4
and No. 5 hold were full of water, No. 6 was one-half full and gradually filling and deck
load breaking loose. The wind and sea was increasing, and seas breaking over our
after decks. About 10 a. m. we put No. 2 boat afloat, bringing her on lee with three
men and stood by, as ship was slowly'settling down.

About this time I heard a noise below, which I believed was the canying away of
the bulkhead between the fireroom and No. 3 hold as the ship settled more by the
head after this, which I believed was due to the flooding of No. 3 hold. At 1.30 p. m.
we launched No. 5 boat, which was on starboard quarter, and himg her off to leeward,
standing by. We also laimched after life raft and forward life raft. The after gun
crew had to abandon their gun as the sea was breaking over gun platform and they
were ordered to their boats immediately. At 2.20 p. m. I left for ship in No. 2 boat
with the conmiander of the armed guard and forward gim crew and three others of
the civilian crew. No. 6 hatch was broken in by deck load and filled. Stem settled
down, with after decks imder water. All boats hung at leeward of ship until 3.15
p. m. when her stem sank until ship was perpendicular with her upper bridge just
underneath and sank in that position. At 3.20 p. m. she disappeared beneath the
waves. After the ship sank, all boats hauled away clear of floating wreckage and
laid to sea anchors. A very heavy sea was nmning now and our boats were taking
considerable water on board and we had to keep bailing continually. At 9.26 p. m.
October 19, we sighted the U. S. S. Fairfax coming to our rescue. At 10 p. m. we in
No. 2 boat were all landed safely on the 'destroyer, and at about 12.05 a. m. the last
boat was landed on board the destroyer without any mishaps.

If the Fairfax had not arrived at the time it did, I do not think our boats would
have weathered the heavy seas, as they were all overloaded. I and my officers and
crew think that great credit is due to the commanding officer and crew of the Fairfax
in the skillful way he handled his ship, in the heavy seas, and effecting the rescue of
our crew without any mishaps.

All confidential books, codes, and papers were dropped overboard immediately
after we were hit, in presence of armed guard commander and ship^s officers. I also
witnessed all armed guard books and papers, and radio confidential books and papers
dropped overboard.

After this attack the 11-155 cruised toward the Azores and probably
received the order to return to her base while operating in the waters
about these islands. It is believed that she is the submarine that
made the unsuccessful attack upon the British steamer Clan Mac-

106 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC <:50AST.

Arthur of 7,382 gross tons on October 25 in latitude 41*^ 20' N.,
longitude 32° 30' W. This was her last recorded activity; she is next
heard of as arriving in Kiel November 15, four days after the signing
of the armistice.

THE CRUISE OF U-152.

The 11-152 was a submarine of the converted mercantile or
DeutscJiland type. In the latter part of August, 1918, she left Kiel
under command of Kapitanleutnant Franz and made her way north
of the Shetland Islands on her cruise to American Atlantic waters.

The first attack of the voyage resulted in the sinking of the Danish
sailing vessel Constanza on September 11 in latitude 62° 30' N.,
longitude 35' W. Her next attempt was directed against the British
steamer Alhan, 5,223 gross tons, which was fired upon September 24,
when in latitude 44° 22' N., longitude 29° 45' W. Five days later
another unsuccessful attack was made in latitude 43° 40' N., longi-
tude 37° 42' W. upon the U. S. S. Oeorge 0, Henrys 6,936 gross tons.
The submarine was sighted at 8.50 a.'m. and the Henry opened fire.
The submarine fired in return. At 9.05 a shot struck the Henry ^
causing an explosion in the magazine in the ship, causing a fire. At
9.50 a. m. the fire was under control. After a hot running fight the
submarine ceased firing and submerged at 10.40 a. m. The following
day, September 30, the U. S. S. Ticonderoga (ex-German Camilla
Rickmers) a vessel of 5,130 gross tons, which because of engine
trouble had fallen behind her convoy during the night was attacked
at 5.20 a. m. by the U-152 m latitude 43° 05' N., longitude 38° 43' W.
The Ticonderoga manned by a navy crew made a gallant defense and
the accoimt of their action and the sinking of their ship form a story
of heart interest, not exceeded by any episode of the war. It was not
imtil the end of a two-hour battle, when both the ship's guns had
been disabled and many of the men aboard killed or wounded that
the submarine dared to approach near enough to fir^ the torpedo
that ended the engagement.

Of the 237 men aboard the Ticonderoga only 24, the majority of
them woimded, were rescued, including the two officers, who were
taken prisoners by the submarine and taken to Germany.

A part of the story of Ensign Gustav Ringelman, who was officer
of the deck at the time the submarine appeared, is quoted here:

The submarine was sighted at first about 200 yards off our port bow awash, the
whole length showing. I reported to the commanding officer immediately and ordered
the forward gun crew to open fire. The forward gun had its gun cover on because
during the night it had rained, and there was a heavy spray, and we needed the gun
cover on to protect the gun. Immediately the captain put his helm hard to starboard
and came within 25 feet of ramming the submarine. Before we could get a shot off
the submarine fired an incendiary shell which struck om: bridge, killing the helmsman

THE GEBMAN SUBMARINE U-162. 107

and practically putting the navigation of the ship out of commission, crippling the
steering gear and setting the amidships section ablaze.

Lieut. Commander J. J. MadiK>n, U. S. N. R. F., captain of the Ti4xmderoga, was
severely wounded by a piece of this shell.

This all took place in just as short a time as I am telling you this. I was going back —
I had charge of the 6-inch gun aft.

The submarine fired witii the aft gun at our 3-inch forward gun, killing the gun
crew. They fired six shots putting the gun out of commission. She then steamed
aroimd our starboard side and opened up her distance a little bit, opening fire again.
We replied with our 6-inch gun.

I am not exactly sure, but I should say the distance was now about 4,000 yards.
That was my range, I believe, and the submarine gradually opened up the distance
between us to about 4 miles. Meanwhile the submarine was shelling us and we were
answering her shots. During thi^time most everybody on board our ship was either
killed or woimded to such an extent that they were practically helpless from shrapnel.
The lifeboats hanging on the davits were shelled and full of holes, others carried away.
However, we kept the submarine off until our fire was put out and our boats swung
out on the davits, ready to abandon the ship with the few men left on board. Possibly
50 were left by that time — ^the rest were dead. Well, at 7 o'clock up comes the sub-
marine again, off the starboard quarter.

Meanwhile we had also several boats which were swamped immediately, due to the.
falls carrying away — ^the submarine had shot them away before — and holes in the
boats, and there was not another boat got away that I could see. Every boat that
attempted to get away was either swamped, or something happended to it. The
submarine fired at us again for the second time at a range of 10,000 to 12,000 yards,
and there were only three left on our 6-inch gun as a gun crew — a chief boatswain mate,
a gunner's mate, and myself. We manned that gun until a shell struck us under-
neath the gun and put the gun out of commission, as well as ourselves, disabling us.
The submarine still continued to shell us, and then came alongside off our starboard
beam and fired a torpedo which struck amidships in the engine room. The ship
thereafter slowly settled.

' There was a hfe raft left on the top of the deck house. We got our wounded men
together, lashed them to the life raft — that is, those who were able to do this — and
shoved the life raft off from the ship. Possibly three or four minutes after that she
took the final plunge. After the Ticonderoga had sunk the submarine came alongside
and had already picked up the executive oflicer out of the water and made him a
captive. They took the first assistant engineer off the life raft and made him a captive
also.

They asked us several questions; wanted the captain and the gunner; where bound
for, and where from; threatening us. After getting no information they shoved off.
Now, before she came to us she had been to this only lifeboat that had stayed afloat,
and the captain was in that, but they did not see him. The captain was severely
wounded and was lying on the bottom of the boat. One of the German sailors went
into the lifeboat and made a line fast by which she towed the lifeboat a few yards,
but the line parted when they speeded up. After that the submarine made off but
stayed in the vicinity. Several shells before this had fallen rather close to the Hfe
raft and it also looked as if they meant to shell the boat but gave it up. Now, I will
tell you how we got into the boat. This lifeboat, the only one afloat, drifted down
onto the life raft, and the captain of the ship, who was in the boat, called for myself
and several others to get into the boat, as there was not a single sailor in that boat to
handle her, there being nothing but soldiers in it, and a high sea running called for
somebody to be in that boat to handle it. Well, a few of us got into the boat, which
still left a few on the raft — a few unconscious men and some that were not very badly
hurt. The sea separated the raft and the boat and we made sail and attempted to get

i

108 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

back to the raft in order to tow it, as they ha<J no food on it. Th^^nd and sea grew
in violence and after many futile attempts to come alongside of the raft we had to
give up the idea of getting a line to it. We made sail in the small boat to get away from
the submarine, and in case another ship or a rescue ship should come along we
would be away from the submarine. We sailed day and night for four days and three
nights, and on Thursday morning at 8 o'clock we sighted a steamer heading west at
a distance of 5 miles. She, however, ignored us.

At 2 o'clock in the afternoon we sighted another steamer dead ahead. The steamer
bore down on us. When she came alongside she picked us up. The name of the
steamer was the Moorish Prince^ British, bound for New York in command of Capt.
Birch. We received all the comforts and attention they could give us. They had
no medical officer aboard, but the steward, who knew his business very well, attended
the men to the best of his ability. While on board the Moorish Prince on Sunday,
October 6, this steamer, the Grampian ^ came alongside and seven of us were trans-
ferred to this ship. There were 22 in the lifeboat altogether. We were transferred
to this ship because better medical attention and better facilities could be had aboard
of her for the wounded . But two men, the commanding officer and a soldier, who were
too severely wounded to be transferred and moved, were kept aboard the Moorish
Prince, with three other men, soldiers, to attend them — ^and here we are now.

Ensign Clifford T. Sanghove, U. S. R. N. F., third engineer of the
Ticonderogay gave the following version of the attack, to the aid for
information at New York, N. Y. :

On September 30 at 5.30 a. m., in latitude 43** 05^ N., longitude 38** 43-' W., the
vessel sighted a submarine. At the time I was in my room; an 8-inch shell which
crashed through the room woke me up. From that time on I was busy. This first
ahell struck the bridge, setting it afire and destroying the wireless and preventing the
sending out of any wireless messages.

The Ticoruleroga was armed with a 6-inch gun astern and a 3-inch gun forward. I
do not know, however, how many shots were fired from the vessel. The after gun
fired some shots; also the forward gun, but shortly afterwards both gun crews were-
shot away.

The sea was fairly rough at the time. The ship was darkened, but I do not know
whether she was zigzagging or what her course was.

When I saw the submarine she was abeam of the Ticonderoga and a couple of hundred
yards away. She was off the port bow and on the surface well out of the water. The
submarine remained in the vicinity all day until after dark that night.

I went down to the engine room and organized gangs to fight the fire. Some of the
men would be shot away and I would have to organize a new gang. I was the last
man to leave the, engine room, and I tried to get fresh water started to relieve the
wounded men on deck.

While I was down in the engine room a torpedo struck the ship and I was pinned up
against the bulkhead and the grating by the bulge of the bulkhead from the explosion
of the torpedo. This torpedo was nearly the last thing fired by the submarine, and
it struck right aft of the engine-room bulkhead on the starboard side. I was crushed
about the chest and hips at this time. ^

During the attack I was at various places down in the engine room, on deck and near
the steeling gear. As the first assistant engineer was on watch, I assisted wherever I
could.

No shells struck the engine room except around the upper hatches. From the time
the torpedo wa^ fired until the vessel sank approximately 15 minutes elapsed. From
the time the first shot was fired until the vessel finally sank 2 hours and 15 minutes
elapsed, and it was about 7.45 a. m. when the Ticonderoga sank. The ship commenced
to turn before we left her at 7.45. Her amidships rail was right on the water level.

THE GERMAN SUBMARINE U-152. 109

After the torpedo was fired we got some of the wounded together and got some wate
and blankets together, and then placed a few of the wounded on the raft, which I
helped to launch from the deck house, which was 20 feet above the water at the time.
The raft went into the water with two or three wounded men on it, who still clung to
it. This raft was the last thing to leave the ship. • There were 13 lifeboats altogeUier
aboard. *

The boat the captain was in was fired at by the submarine while it was in the water.
The two shots which were fired at it missed; I was on the raft at the time of this firing
and I know that a couple of shots were fired, and the men in the boat claim that these
shots came past them. There were eight or nine men on the raft with me; this was
the same raft on which the wounded men were launched. We had tied a line to it
before launching and then drew it in toward the railing and jumped on it ourselves
after launching it. I was the next to the last man off the ship. The captain had been
placed in a lifeboat, which was the only one which was safely launched to my knowl-
edge. He had been placed in this boat after he had been wounded in the leg.

There were a number of potatoes and boxes on the afterdeck, which floated off the
vessel as the after part sank, and the submarine picked up a number of these boxes,
cruising around meanwhile. When I first saw the submarine the Ticonderoga fired
three or four shots from the after gun. This gun became totally disabled, having been
struck by a shell from the submarine.

We remained on the raft until 2 o'clock in the afternoon, when we drifted toward
the captain's lifeboat and five men left the raft and got into the lifeboat, as when the
raft came close to the lifeboat they shouted that there was no one in the boat who was
able to man same, all of them having been woimded. The five men transferred were
Turner, the carpenter (Edward J. Willoughby), the quartermaster (George S. Tapley),
Mr. Ringleman, and myself. This boat contained all the survivors.

I did not see many of the lifeboats launched, as I was below most of the time, rigging
fire mains, getting water, etc. I did see two boats launched, on one of which the for-
ward fall burned away and she capsized as she wtis being launched. She had at least
eight men in her.

The submarine came alongside the raft and spoke to us. She asked who it was tried
to ram them and where was the captain and where was the gunner; how many soldiers
were aboard; where we left and where we were going. Mr. Ringleman answered a
couple of them and the chief machinist's mate, who I believe was lost, also answered
some questions. The chief machinist's mate was taken aboard the submarine for a
time and then finally returned to the raft, and was probably lost, as the sea was high
and we never saw the raft again.

The first assistant engineer was also taken aboard the submarine and kept a prisoner.
His name is Fulcher. He was a lieutenant (j. g.). I believe the executive officer,
Mr. MuUer, had been picked up from the water and also taken aboard the submarine
and kept a prisoner. I believe the executive officer, Mr. MuUer, speaks a little
German, but I know Mr. Fulcher could not speak a word of German, as he wanted to
answer them but could not. They were the only men of the survivors who were in
uniform. One or two of the men asked for first-aid packages, but received a very gruff
answer. I held a German second assistant engineer'^ license in the Adriatic service
of the Ham burg- American Line and the North German Lloyd Co.

The story of the Chief Quartermaster, George S. Tappley, adds
many details to the reports above and shows the bravery of the
American sailors in the face of hopeless odds:

I was in my bunk at the time the general alarm was sounded (5.^0 a. m.) and immedi-
ately got out and dressed. I ran out of my room up to the bridge which was all afire.
Just at that time the whistle blew for "abandon ship." I saw the captain coming
along, trying to make his way aft. He was badly wounded, and I helped the pay-

112 GERMAN SUBMABINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

Fulcher was taken to Chief Engineer Heine's room, where shrapnel was cut from his
leg, and he was given brandy and overalls by the ship's surgeon, whose name, by
coincidence was Fuylcher. He was kindly treated, and the pair conjectured upon
their relationship. Meanwhile Heine kept saying, "Why do you call us Huns? We
are no more cruel than you " This soreness, testifying to the effect of Allied propa-
ganda, prevailed insistently among the submarine's officers. Their tune at first was
"Why did the United States enter the war? See what you get now for coming in."

Fulcher was questioned about the speed, cargo, and number of ships in the Tican-
deroga^s convoy, but in return "gave the hand of Esau, speaking with the voice of
Jacob."

The captain came in and said to Montau, a C. P. 0., "Take the prisoner and show
him where he will sleep." Fulcher went to the forecastle, where about 35 men were
quartered in permanent bunks. He was given a lower one, which he occupied for
the rest of the voyage. The surgeon came each day and dressed his wounds. He
messed with the warrant officers, as did Lieut. Schwarz, radio officer. Muller ate in
the ward room, but the food in both messes was the same, white bread twice a week,
plenty of wurst and butter, canned brown bread, etc. Muller also was continually
asked why we came into the war: "Why do you call us barbarians? We are only
doing our duty," was repeated over and over. There was a copy of Hearst's magazine
on board. An article in it on Harry Lauder's visit to France showed a Hun soldier
standing with a bayonet over a wounded French soldier. "That is not true! That is
not true!" exclaimed the officers.

U-152 had left Kiel September 5 on an outbound voyage to the American coast.
It was only her second trip. All the time that they were aboard, the two Americans
were allowed on deck, except during the various actions with merchant ships that
ensued. They were then sent below, but managed to secure information of happen-
ings there. They also learned, chiefly from the crew, many of the orders that came by
radio. They were always well treated. The U-152 remained on the siul'ace except
when forced by the presence of Allied craft to dive.

Between September 30 and October 11, the submarine's course was SW. (true),
speed 4 knots; but as she was continually in the Gulf Stream, her position did not
vary much. She was on the lookout for Allied shipping. Up to the latter date, when
the first intimation of the armistice negDtiations were received, no attacks were made.
The submarine's engines were in bad condition, and it was stated that she could not
make more than 10 knots on the surface. Her proper speed was 12 knots, but she
never made more than 11 on her first voyage. The engines were overhauled every
day, and appeared to lack copper and other metals.

On October 11 this message came in code — as did all others: "Engage men of war
only. The merchant war has ended." The Americans were told that this was,
* * The first act of our new government. ' ' Course was now changed to SE.

On October 12, the Norwegian bark Stifinder was sighted about 4 p. m. and two
shots sent across her bows. The crew took to the boats. lieut. Wille went over to
her with a boarding party, and returned with many provisions, onions, canned fish-
balls, etc., from the United States, besides three live pigs. The Norwegians were
given compasses and food, then told to set sail for the nearest land, which was
Newfoundland, some 1,000 miles away. It was impossible to protest against this^
barbarity. The Stifinder was sunk by the submarine the next afternoon. She con-
tained contraband, light oils — ^none of which were of value to the U-15£ — en route
from New York to Australia.

October 15, an unescorted steamer, unarmed, was sighted in the afternoon. Sixty
shots were fired at her. She had apparently fallen behind her convoy; for she radioed:
"Help! For God's sake, Help I" At length the submarine's alarm for diving rang,
and she plunged at about an angle of 45° (she usually dived at 20°) to a depth of 55
meters. The limit of the depth dial was 50 meters, but Muller was told "We don't

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AiW?iv-ii..iA-.

THE GEBMAN SUBMAEINB U-152. 113

worry about that." A cruiser and a destroyer were reported. Five minutes later,
nine depth charges exploded. The boat shook, but no lights went out, and the Ameri-
cans were told that no one "worried " unless that happened.

Various courses on the surface were now steered for a few days. A torpedo was fired
at a British steamer on the 17th, but as it was not heard to explode, probably missed.
The submarine dived, but ten minures later came to the suriace and engaged the
steamer in a gun duel. The latter fired 40- shots, none of which hit U-15£, and the
submarine 83; range and effect not learned by the prisoners. This was in the late
afternoon, and had continued for two hours. The steamer was making more speed
than the submarine, and now escaped.

October 20 came the radio "All submarines return to Kiel." U-15t set course NE.,
till she had rounded the Faroe Islands. She entered the northern mine barrage at
4 p. m., November 11. She proceeded at full speed on the surface, thro\igh its center,
and the Americans were told that the mines had been passed at 4 a. m., on the 12th.
They woke to learn that the officers had heard of the signing of the armistice. All hands
seemed pleased that "the war was over." lieut. Schwartz admitted that for months
(jermany had been waging a losing fight, because the United States had intervened.

The Skagerack was entered on the night of the 12th. U-152 encountered U-5S
(Hans Koee's famous-sub), and tied up to her from 9 to 11 p. m. Von Schrader had
replaced B.ose in command. He stated that about six weeks previously U-63 had
torpedoed a United States escort ship at the entrance to the Bristol Channel. U-5S
was not certain of her name, but it soimded like Tampa. (Note: Time and location
of the unexplained loss of U. S. S. Tampa would confirm this. It is known, however,
that about that date U-5S fired a torpedo at U. S. S. Chester, The Chester was not hit,
but as she dropped depth charges the submarine may have been deceived by their
explosion.)

U-5S stated that after she had torpedoed U. S. S. Jacob Jones (Dec. 6, 1917), she
had recognized in the latter*s dory Lieut. Cgmmander D. W. Bagley, "Who had been
aboard an American destroyer off Newport when we torpedoed enemy merchant
men in 1916." She also declared that she had sent out a radio message when the
Jacob Jonss was sinking, and that this was the only call for help that any submarine
had ever given in the case of a torpedoed ship. (Note: A radio message whose origin
has never been accounted for, signaling the sinking of the Jacob Jones, was intercepted
at Queenstown on the afternoon of Dec. 6, 1917.)

U-6S also declared that she had left Kiel owing to the revolution; that her ofl^cers
and men were loyal to the Kaiser, and that she was bound for Sweden. Apparently
uncertain about this step, however, she proceeded back toward the Baltic on the
morning of November 13, leading U-15£ through the mine fields. The latter con-
tinued into the Sound, after the U-5S went ahead at 15 knots for Kiel, and she anchored
near Copenhagen on the evening of the 14th. Here two radio messages were received :
One from 27-5^, saying that all was calm at Kiel, but that she was leaving to intern in
Sweden (which she has supposedly done). Another from the Commandant at Kiel
ordering U-152 to return to port.

Capt. Franz now held a meeting of the oflScers and crew, and took their vote as to
whether the sub should go to Sweden or to Germany. Of the crew of 80, about 10
favored interning, and 70 Kiel. As the submarine got underway, Franz said to MuUer
and Fulcher: "You two gentlemen are now free. You are no longer prisoners of war.
I don't know whether we shall finally reach Kiel or Sweden, or Denmark; but rest
assured that in any case you will be safe. I shall protect you at all hazards . Whatever
we do, you will be well off.

U-152 had received many radio messages concerning mutinies and the chaos ashore
in Germany. The Americans were advised to proceed to their consulates if a neutral
port was reached. "I, Mr. MuUer," continued Capt. Franz, "was a gunnery ofi^cer

181062 •— 20 8

114 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

at the Battle of Jutland. But during the years since, I have been in submarinee.
And the submarines have been doing all the Navy's work in the war. 'the battleships
and cruisers of the High Seas Fleet have been doing next to nothing." This feeling
of chagrin and anger was from now on constantly phrased both aboard U-152 and the
ships visited by the prisoners at Kiel.

Kiel was reached at 5 p. m., November 15. The Americans were quartered on the
submarine mother ship Kronprinz Heinrich, where they got hot baths and rooms.
But they continued to mess on U-152, which was the outboard submarine of the seven
U-boats alongside. The executive officer of the Heinrich formally released them as
prisoners. "Naval officers have no more power over you," he said. He blamed the
collapse of Germany upon the United States entry into the War. "You have ruined
our country," he added. "See what you have done." He told them that they were
free to go ashore, but advised against it.

On the 16th, they were told that they would leave for Copenhagen at 10 a. m. the
next day. Nothing was done to carry this out, and the executive of the mothership
asked apologetically whether his guests minded waiting until the following day.
That afternoon (Saturday) they went ashore with a chief boatswain's mate of the U-152,
They were told there that the mutiny in the High Seas Fleet started on October 28,
^the day fixed for it to go to sea to meet the Grand Fleet. The black gang in a certain
' ship started the revolt. Between 250 and 300 of the crew were put in the lockup,
but a crowd of 10,000 ratings surroimded the ship (apparently alongside dock), released
them, and hoisted the red fiag. Ashore in Kiel, the Americans visited five restaurants .
There was little to buy except bad beer. Many British, Belgian, and Russian soldiers
were encountered, but no Americans. Conditions did not appear abnormal.

The executive of the mothership on the 17m stated that he no longer had any
authority to deal with his guests, in any way. He said that to arrange for reaching
Copenhagen or elsewhere, they must treat with the soldiers' and workingmen's repre-
sentatives aboard. He referred to them as "soldaten," although one was a chief
boatswain's mate, and the others two able seamen. They also had charge of the sub-
marines alongside.

"The submarines are going to England with transports," they said. "We will
arrange accommodations for you on one of the transports." But when the crew of
U-152 heard this they protested. They held a vote, and elected to take Muller and
Fulcher with them. "We wish to insure your safety," they said, among other evi-
dences that the Americans were popular aboard. They had no relations with the
officers of the ship, but the divided authorities were not antagonistic, and ship dis-
cipline was maintained by the latter. Muller and Fulcher stayed on the Heirvrich
until November 20, and were given clean underwear and shoes.

On the morning of that day, they went aboard U-152 again, and at 2 p. m. left
through the Kiel Canal, arriving at Brunsbuttel the following afternoon. They
reached Heligoland 11 p. m. the same day, and left for Harwich at 7.30, November 22.
The 24 submarines en route, preceded by a transport, were in two columns, one led
by U-152 and the other by U-155 (Deutschland). Harwich was reached on Sunday,
the 24th.

Preceding the departure from Germany, half of the U-152^8 crew had gone ashore,
some home, others to man merchant ships at Hamburg. There had been no objection
by any of them to visiting England. Capt. Franz, several warrant officers, the chief
engineer, first officer, and Lieut. Schwarz also stayed behind. A meeting was held
to elect a captain. Lieut. Wille was chosen, and he kept good discipline on the trip
to Harwich. The messes were maintained, the men and officers not eating together.
Throughout, the officers and crew had been friendly to the Americans, doing every-
thing possible for their comfort, giving them cigarettes, etc. When they left the
ship in Harwich, the stock of provisions aboard was divided up equally among all the
men and officers. They insisted that the Americans take their share of them, and out

THE GERMAN SUBMARINE U-152. 115

of politeness Muller and Fulcher felt that they had to do so. They stepped ashore
with packages of cheese, and flour, and wurst. " We have more than we need to take
back to Germany," said the crew.

Every German they had seen expressed himself as being glad that the war was over.
It was declared that surrender had been necessary to save the lives of women and
children; that except for this the fight would have continued. All officers stated
that. Germany months ago would have won if the United States had not come in.
This was the opinion even of those still loyal to the Kaker. All were enthusiastic
over the new Government, which was to be a republic.

''Take all our submarines, and battleships, and battle cruisers,'' the soldation on
the Kronprim Heinrkh had said. *'Sink them in the mid- Atlantic. We don't want
them any more. What we do want from now on are ploughs and picks and shovels,
to get back to work again."

After the sinking of the Ticonderoga there was no definite report
of the whereabouts of the TJ-152 until October 13, when she sank the
Norwegian three-masted bark Stifinder, 1/746 gross tons, bound from
New York to Freemont, Australia, Tarwald Frehe, chief mate of the
sailing vessel, made the following report of the loss of the ship to
the American naval authorities:

Our position was 37® 22^^ north latitude, and 53® 30^ west longitude. Wq first sighted
the submarine at 1.45 p. m., when three shots were fired at us, none of which hit.
I, personally, only heard the last shot, as I wasi)elow deck when the first two shots
were fired and had gone up above when I heard shouting by the members of the crew.
Well, after I heard the shot I went up on deck and saw the submarine, which was on
the surface in a westerly position from us, off our stem about 3 miles away. We at
once hoisted the Norwegian flag and drew in our sails. We then lowered our boat,
and at the request of the captain I took eight men with me and sailed over to the
submarine in the small boat with the ship's papers, it being the idea of our captain
that they would want to see them as that had been our understanding of their practice
in the past. On arriving alongside the submarine I asked if they wanted me to come
on board, and on being told to do so by one of the ofl^cers on the submarine, I went
aboard. I gave an officer the ship's papers. They immediately asked the name of
the ship, where bound from, where to, and for information as to the nature of the
cargo. I answered him that we were bound from New York to Australia, with a cargo
of oil. He was looking over the papers, standing just outside the conning tower, and
said, " You have turpentine also on board, have you not? " " Where is this stowed? '*
** Where are your plans? " I told him that we had turpentine on board, but that I
did not have the ship's plans, as these were kept by the Standard Oil Co., of New
York. I understand a little of German, and I heard him ea^ to another German ofiicer
that this, boat had turpentine and "we have none in Germany." His attention
seemed to be centered on the turpentine, and was apparantly not interested in the
kerosene and benzine. #

The commander of the submarine would not talk to me in English, but he did talk
to one of the officers in German, who, in turn, talked to me in English. After finishing
looking at our papers he said, "I see you are going from one enemy country to another
and that your caigo is contraband, so you know what that means.'' I told him ours
was a neutral ship, but he replied that it did not make any difference, as he would
have to sink us, talking to me in English. This last conversation was with one of
the minor officers on the submarine. This officer asked me if I could talk German,
and I said *'No.'^ The men were talking between themselves in German all the
time. I did not hear all they said, but they seemed to want the turpentine. They
also asked me if we had any potatoes on board, or any pigs. I told him **Ye8," and

116 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

the chief said then, "We will tow the boat up to the ship; go aboard, and see what
we can use." They then made a rope fast to our lifeboat in tow, made about a half
circle around the Stifinderj and came alongside. I understood the commander's orders
to be full speed ahead, and I imagine he was making about 10 to 11 miles per hour.
I was on board the submarine all this time. They tied up alongside the Stifinder^
and I afiked if they would return the ship's papers to me. The officer said ''No,"
*and at that moment a sailor on board the submarine pushed me from the back and
into the lifeboat. That was the only rough attack made against me. They were
very businesslike and had three or four cameras with which they were taking pic-
tures, but I did not notice any moving-picture machine. A German officer then
took charge of 10 or 12 of the crew from the submarine and ordered iis all on board
our boat. This officer then put one man in the /row's nest and placed guards at the
different hatches. One of the men brought on a bag of bombs. I did not get a very
good look at these, but one of them seemed to be about the size of a ball, painted black,
and brass riveted. The German officer then went up to our captain and b^an talking
to him but instructing me to throw some food and clothes into our lifeboat and beat it.
I asked him if I could get the ship's instruments, and on being allowed went to my
room, but before I got aU I wanted they looked me up and told me to get out. I did
get a few of my personal things and food and water enough for 11 men for about 20
days, the ship's sextant, and the lifeboat compass. After putting these in the life-
boat I again approached the German officer, who was still talking to the captain, and
aflked him for a chart, as we had two lifeboats and only one chart. He instructed
what I took to be the navigating officer of the submarine to give me a chart. They
let us take all the provisions we wanted and made no complaint about the quantity
we took, and he gave orders to his men that nothing was to be touched until we left
the ship and then they would take what they wanted after. No special remarks
were made that I can think of which would be of interest to you, and I did not hear
the conversation between the officer and our captain. We then lowered our captain's
boat, which had been fully provisioned, and both our boats sailed away a few himdred
yards and came together to talk over our position, where to land, and we decided to
try and reach Nova Scotia. There were 11 men, including myself, in my lifeboat,
and 8 men, including the captain, in the captain's lifeboat. My boat was sailing the
fastest, so we gave the captain's boat a line and tried to tow it. It was about 4 p. m.
when we left our ship, and at 5 p. m. we lost sight of our ship oi) account of darkness.
We had made about 5 miles in a westerly direction. The last we saw of the SHfinder
the submarine was still alongside, and we saw the German crew still on board and
breaking open the hatches, with one man up in the rigging to keep a watch out. The
captain had all of the confidential papers in the chart room, and I do not know what
disposition he made of them. The stowage chart was one which was made by me
for my information, and I had previously destroyed it.

I was on the submarine for about one hour's time, but only on deck, as I was not
allowed inside. She was between 280 feet and 300 feet long; had one conning tower;
two 5 or 6 inch guns, one fore and one aft; and each gun had two men in charge; the
barrels of the guns Itppeared to be 25 or 30 feet long. I did not notice any machine
guns on the deck. There was one 2-inch pipe immediately forward of the conning
tower, which I took to be a periscope, but the eye had been removed; this pipe was
about 12 feet high. There were two masts, one about 30 feet high and the other
possibly 15 feet, the highest one being aft. There were wireless wires hanging down
from them. The two large guns on the submarine were mounted on the raised portion
of the deck, and my sketch will explain this better to you. I should judge there
were 25 or 30 men on the deck, and there also were some below decks, a£ I heard them
shout below to men in the engine room. They did not steer on the bridge, but the
commander stood inside the conning tower. The commander was dressed, as I
judged, like a chauffeur. He had on a short overcoat, of khaki color, with a large

I

THE GERMAN SUBMARINE U-152. 117

eheepskin collar, and a heavy white sweater inedde. He looked to be between 32 and
35 years old and was about 5 feet 10 inches high, rather skinny; reddish face and a
mustache b^ween a blonde and red, with a rather big nose; I did not hear his name
called. The general run of the men waa as follows: Their clothes were very dirty,
oily, and ragged; their clothes were a sort of khaki dungaree. They all appeared to
be happy and well fed, and all were smoking cigars. Three or four of the men wore
small arms, and all of the officers had revolvers in belts on their side. The officer
who gave me the chart, and who I assume was the navigating officer, wore a dungaree
suit and a sailor's cap. When he gave me the chart I asked him to mark our position
on it and he did, but I think his latitude was wrong by possibly 10 d^^rees.

The lifeboat containing the captain and seven of the crew of the
Stifinder landed at Turks Island November 5, having been at sea
for over three weeks. The second boat, containing the mate and 10
men, was picked up by U. S. S. C. No, 29^ on October 28, after 15
days at sea.

On the 15th of October the TJ-152 attacked the British S. S.
Messina, 4, 271 tons gross, in latitude 37'' 20' N., longitude 53'' 30' W.
The Messina was armed with one 4.7-inch Japanese gun and was
attacked by gunfire at 18.28 G. M. T., while en route from Plymouth
to Baltimore in ballast. When the submarine was sighted the ship
was steering S. 82 W. (true) at 7 knots. There was a strong WSW.
wind, heavy sea, and fair visibility. Speed of submarine about 14
knots, steering W. by N. (true), and was sighted on the port quarter.
On sighting, the ship brought the submarine astern, and put on full
speed and zigzagged in accordance with the fall of the enemy shots.
The submarine opened fire at 18.32 with range of approximately
8,000 yards and fired about 100 shots of two rounds per minute.
The ship was hit once on the port side abaft the bridge and two plates
were fractured in the side. The ship opened fire at 18.35 at about
7,000 yards range and fired 15 rounds, but the submarine was not hit.
After two hours' running fight the chase was abandoned in approxi-
mately latitude 37^^ 37' N. and longitude 52^* 48' W. The master of
the Messina reported that the submarine was about 10 to 15 feet
out of the water. Two 6-inch guns were seen, one forward and one
aft of the conning tower. She was painted dark gray.

The last action of the V-152 was her attack on the British steamer
Briarleaf, October 17, in latitude 36° 05' N., longitude 49° 12' W.

The British S. S. SnarZm/ arrived at Sabine, Tex., on October 29,
and the following information was obtained from Capt. G. E. Pat-
terson regarding the encounter with German submarine:

Capt. Patterson stated that on October 17, 1918, at 4.10 p. m.,
in latitude 36° 05' N., longitude 49° 12' W. (about 1,200 miles oflf
American coast), a submarine came to the surface about 600 yards
off the starboard beam, showing superstructiu'e, conning tower and
periscope. The submarine immediately opened fire wiUi an explo-
sive shelly which burst and fell short. Ilie Briarleaf replied with

118 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATIJ^NTIC COAST.

one shot, which also missed. The submarine subjnerged, coming up
astern and again opened fire on the vessel, which replied. • The sub-
marine fired in all about 150 shots, making no hits, although some
fragments of shells dropped on deck. The Briarleaf fired 39 shots,
and then ceased firing, as the submarine was out of range; however,
the submarine contined firing for about 30 minutes, as it was equipped
with heavier caliber guns. At 5.55 p. m. the submarine ceased firing
and dropped astern. Capt. Patterson, while not positive, believes
that he must have scored a hit which caused some slight damage, as
otherwise the submarine would not have given up the engagement,
as it seemed fairly able to maintain an even speed with the Briarleaf,

The submarine is described as follows: Length about 300 feet,
with superstructure entire length, said superdeck being about 5 feet
above conning tower; painted light gray, with periscope being either
brass or painted yellow. Capt. Patterson was of the opinion this
submarine is one of the latest type. No guns or gun crews were
visible, the guns being situated under the supers true tm'e, as all that
could be seen were the flashes as the guns were fired. The submarine
used two guns while in action, both of which were either 5-inch or
larger, as they had much longer range than the guns on the Briar-
leaf, which is 4.7.

Capt Patterson advised also that while the submarine was shelling
his vessel, a wireless message was received from the S. S. Luda call-
ing for help. The Luda said in her message that she had been tor-
pedoed and was sinking, and gave her position as about 100 miles
north of the position of the S. S. Briarleaf.

It was formerly believed that the V-152 was responsible for the
sinking of the Luda on the same day that the attack on the Briar-
leaf took place. Both the TJ-162 and the TJ-155 were in the vicinity
at the time, and it is the testimony of Capt. Patterson and the War
Diary of the U. S. S. Princess MatoiTca that leads to the decision that
each was engaged in a separate attack:

At about 4 p. m.y August 17, the signal from the Briarleaf caune in. Plotted on the
chart the Briarleaf bore from the Princess Matoika and the Pastores 219 true distance
about 15 miles. By inspection of the chart would pass within 6 miles of the alio.
About 4.40 p. m. gunfire Was heard ahead — sometimes to port and sometimes to star-
board. At 4.52 sighted object ahead on horizon resembling heavy smoke. Firing
could be heard and gun flashes visible. Transports changed course to bring objects
abeam where they were last seen. Firing no longer heard. Briarleaf escaped and
headed for Bermuda. Shortly after the change of course was made at 5 p. m. the alio
from the Luda was received. The alios were 150 miles apart.

The TI-152 may have been responsible for the alio sent by the
Japanese Kirin Maru on October 20, but this can not be stated as a
conclusion.

On October 20 the 11-162 received the German order for all sub-
marines to return to their bases and in obedience turned homeward.

CABLE CUTTING OF THE U-151. 119

entering the northern mine barrage area on the day of the armistice.
She passed through the field running at full speed on the surface,
completing the passage in safety on the morning of the 12th and
arriving at Kiel three days later, November 15, 1918.

CABLE CUTTING BY THE U-lSl.

The possibility and probability of the interruption of transatlantic
cable service by the enemy was a subject of serious consideration even
before the United States entered the war. The conclusion of those
most familiar with transatlantic cable traffic was that the reason
the Germans did not interrupt these cables was not that it was
impracticable for them to do so but because it was probable that they
were using thiem for German messages and did not desire to do so.
There seemed to be good reasons to suspect that either through
friendly diplomatic channels or through apparently harmless mes-
sages, by whicirthe British censorship was evaded, the Germans were
making use of the cables for the transmission of their own messages.

All of these matters were discussed and carefully considered by the
United States authorities and seemed to oflFer the most reasonable
interpretation of the situation.

When the United States entered the war it was thought that the
attitude of the enemy might be entirely changed toward the cutting
of the cables and that the time might come when the advantages
to the Germans of cutting the cables might outweigh the disad-
vantages. The advantages which the Germans might gain by cutting
the cables were increasing rapidly as the United States forces in
Europe were increasing. At the same time, the ^chances of the use
of the cables by the Germans to carry their messages, were being
eliminated because of the vigorous methods that were adopted by
the Office of Naval Intelligence through naval censorship. These
factors all tended to introduce a new enemy motive into the situation
and gave the United States authorities both at home and in France
much concern because they considered that our transatlantic elec-
trical communications presented a vulnerable point of attack which
he might be tempted to exploit whenever the advantages of doing
so looked sufficiently promising; or when, in the final struggle, in his
various measures of desperation, he might include cable cutting and
interference in every possible way with the radio system.

On April 29, 1918, the Office of Naval Operations sent a memoran-
dum to the Director of Naval Communications, saying: '*A new
phase of the employment of submersibles has developed in the cutting
of cables.-^ Evidently one of these vessels is specially fitted for the
purpose, as there have been four cables cut within the last six^weeks,
presumably by the same vessel." The receipt of this warning

120 GEBMAN SUBMABINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST,

produced additional activity and alertness so as to be sure to be
ready in case the cables shoidd J)e cut, which was then regarded
as being something that might occur at any time.

The service on the Commercial Cable Co/s No. 4 Canso-New York
cable was interrupted at 12.35 p. m., May 28, 1918. On the same day
the Central and South American Cable Co/s New York-Colon cable
began to fail at 3.30 p. m. and went out of service entirely at 9.30
p. m. The cable ship Rday made the repairs to the latter on June
25. At the break there was little sign of chafing or dragging on the
surface of the cable. The armored strands were, however, somewhat
distorted and showed indications of having withstood considerable
pressure and wrenching. The strands of the armor appeared to have
been cut approximately half through, either with a saw or possibly
some rough-cutting tool, and the other half of each strand wrenched
or broken off.

The Commercial Cable Co.'s No. 4 was repaired at 4 p. m. on July
4. This cut was an exceptionally clean shear, tEe cable sheath
within half inch of each side of the break being in almost normal
condition, very little distorted and showing no signs of chafing or
anchor rubbing on the surface. In this case also the armored strands
were cut approximately half through and broken off the rest of the
way. The Commercial cable was cut at 12.35, three hours prior
to the first indication of trouble on the Central and South American
cable, at a distance of approximately 28 miles north of the Central
and South American cable failure. The water at both points was
approximately 25 fathoms.

A study of the causes of the failure of these two cables was made
by various cable experts including Mr. Loriot, cable engineer of the
Central and South American Cable Co., Mr. Pierce, cable engineer
of the Commercial Cable Co., and Capt. Oldham, the commander of
the cable ship. It is their opinion that the cables were cut on the
bottom or near the bottom and were not raised to the surface to be
cut. They believe the cables were cut maliciously by someone who
came to the spot with the intention of cutting the cables. They
do not think they were cut by a ship in clearing its anchor. The day
was calm with a slight westerly wind. Normally there would be no
occasion to anchor in this locality except during a storm with ex-
tremely adverse wind conditions. Neither of the breaks occurred in
a normal route of ship travel. Both breaks were within sight of
ship channels frequently used. The captain of the repair ship stated
that it was his opinion that a submarine could hardly work there
many hours in the daytime without being seen by passing ships.

These opinions were concurred in by Col. John J. Carty, vice-
presidSnt of the American Telephone & Telegraph Co., who per-
sonally examined the cut in each cable.

RADIO SERVICE ADEQUATE. 121

While these facts are not conclusive; the evidence indicates that
the two cables were cut by parties with malicious intent, possibly
by an enemy submarine. The latter supposition seems quite
probable.

On May 25, 1918, the TJ-lBl attacked and sunk the American
schooner Hattie Dunn, TTie Hawppauge and Edna off the Virginia
coast. Nothing more is positively known of the activity of TJ-lBl
until June 2, 1918, when she sank the habd B, WUey, Winneconne and
Jacob M. HaslceU off Barnegat Light, N. J. During these seven or
eight days it is supposed that she was laying mines, and it is not
improbable that during that time she may have cut the cables on
May 28, and as will be plainly seen by reference to the chart, she
was in a location on May 25 from which she could easily have reached
the position of the cable cutting on the 28th, and afterwards reached
the position of her sinkings on Jime 2.

UNITED STATES AND ALLIED RADIO SERVICE ADEQUATE
FOR THE TRANSACTION OF IMPORTANT OFFICIAL
BUSINESS IN CASE OF THE DESTRUCTION OF TRANS-
ATLANTIC CABLES.

When the United States entered the war it was considered very
necessary to provide a system of transoceanic radio conmiimication,
which would be capable of handling all official messages between
the United States and Europe, in case the enemy should cut any or
all of our cables; or in case tihe enemy made it difficult for us to repair
such cables as were put out of commission either by the enemy or
from natural causes.

In October, 1917, an Inter-Allied Radio Conference, consisting of
representatives from the United States, Great Britain, France and
Italy, met at New London, Conn. At this conference it was decided
that the United States would make provisions for the use of its
stations at Marion, Mass. (then under construction) ; Sayville, L, I.
(taken over from its German owners) ; New Brunswick, N. J. (imder
construction by the Marconi Co.); Tuckerton, N. J. (taken over
from the German constructor) ; and Annapolis, Md. (a naval high-
power station just completed). The Allies were to organize their
stations at Carnarvon, England; Lyons, France; Nantes, France;
and Rome, Italy.

In the spring of 1918 the Navy Department, having been given
control of aU high-powered transatlantic radio stations, was operat-
ing stations at Sayville, Tuckerton, Annapolis and New Brimswick,
which were then capable of transmitting to Europe approximately
30,000 words per day. The European stations were capable of
transmitting approximately 25,000 words per day. Inasmuch as

122 GEKMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

both the United States stations and those in Europe were capable
of transmitting and receiving simultaneously, this indicates a
capacity of 55,000 words per day in transatlantic communication.
This capacity was adequate to handle the important messages
between the War and Navy Departments and the forces in Europe.
Inasmuch as the cables were not all cut, or put out of commission,
the transatlantic radio system handled only a small amount of
the total traffic between the United States and Europe. It is esti-
mated that the greatest amount of traffic handled by radio was 50,000
words per day. However, this comparatively small amount relieved
the cables to a certain extent and was not only a means of facilitat-
ing communication but served as an insurance for effective com-
munication; and gave assurance that the enemy could not com-
pletely interrupt transatlantic communication. Had the enemy
cut all the transatlantic cables it would have been impft^ssible for
him to have stopped effective communication between the War
and Navy Departments and our forces in Europe.

MINE-LAYING OPERATIONS.

As all destruction of vessels by mines on the Atlantic coast was
by mines planted by the Germans, it is of interest to know what
submarines carried on these operations and how.

As we have no reports from them the procedure is largely a matter
of conjecture. Any conclusion as to the respective dates and places
of planting mines by the submarines can be, at this time, only a
logical deduction, taking into consideration the general German
pohcy regarding mine laying, the character of the cruises of those
submarines, the speed, longest period of apparent inactivity, the
lapse of time between sightings of or attacks by the submarines,
and the dates and locations of reported sightings or destruction of
enemx mines.

This procedure has been followed: A careful analysis of the track
of the submarine with dates of her presence in certain localities and
the correspondiog date and locaUty of the damage to a ship by a
mine.

According to Lieut. Commander Lafrenz, of the German submarine
TJ-66, which was sunk by the French submarine U-IS, on November
3, 1917, the German policy as to mine laying is to sow mines in the
vicinity of harbors and in harbor approaches. The object of all
mine laying, as Lafrenz pointed out, is not merely to sink ships, but
it is considered just as important to keep enemy mine-sweeping craft
so that those vessels are not available for offensive operation. Mines
are nearly always laid in slack water and in theory, according to the
German officer, it is best to lay four mines off one harbor and then

MINE-LAYING OPERATIONS. 123

four off another, and so on, as the same sweeping operations are
necessary to sweep up four mines as eighteen. In practice, he said
that the submarine commanders are usually too anxious to get rid
of their mines and so lay them in groups close to one another. It is
left to the commanding officer as to where his mines are to be laid.
Lafrenz stated, also, that there was little danger in laying mines
in the same place in which mines had been previously laid, but that
if he went to the same place a second time he would always make
it a point to come in at the high-water mark.

THE U-151.

Prom the character of the operations of the TJ-161 just after she
arrived oflF the American Atlantic coast, it is apparent that her
commanding officer was extremely anxious to plant his mines as
soon as possible before engaging in his other activity. After the
submarine had engaged the steamship CreneUa in latitude 37° 50' N.^
longitude 75° 50' W., on May 21, 1918, she seems to have taken a
course southward and to have proceeded to the vicinity of Currituck
Sound where she possibly laid mines near False Cape. Then moving
northward she came to the entrance to Chesapeake Bay where she
laid mines near Capes Henry and Charles.

Having completed her mine laying in these waters, the submarine
continued her course northward. On May 25 she made the attacks
on the American schooners Hattie Dunn, Hauppauge, and Edna,
within about 30 miles of the coast. The commanding officer did
not see fit to begin his active raid upon coastwise shipping at this
time, however, but continued his northward route, planting mines
as he went. On or about the morning of the 26th, the submarine
possibly visited waters along that portiojQ of the coast south and
north of Winter Quarter Shoals.

In moving northward the submarine soon reached the vicinity of
the entrances to Delaware Bay. Here she planted mines near Cape
May and $)ape Henlopen. On June 3, at 3.35 p. m., the Herbert L,
Pratt, an unarmed American steamship of 7,145 tons gross, owned
by the Standard Refinery Co., of Philadelphia, Pa., was damaged
by a mine at his point. This fact furnished the only convincing
evidence of the mine-planting operations of the 11-151 up to this
time, for as no mines had been placed by the United States Govern-
ment, and as it was known that the U-151 was in this vicinity two
or three days previous, it is evident that she laid the mine that
damaged the Herhert L, Pratt,

On May 28, 1918, the U-lSl probably found and cut two cables
leading from New York, one to Europe and one to Central America,
60 miles southeast of Sandy Hook.

124 GEBMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

On June 23, the steamship Gloucester reported sighting a mine oflF
Shrewsbury light, Ambrose Channel. This report indicates that
the TJ-lBl may have visited the neighborhood of the entrance to
Ambrose Channel. Even though the V-lBl may have laid a few
mines along the coast of Long Island, it is thought that the mine that
sank the cruiser U. S. S. San DiegOj July 19, near Fire Inlet, was one
of those deposited there by the TJ-166 which later appeared off the
American coast and was engaged in mining activities from July 8
to July 18.

The majority of the mines swept up in waters that the TJ-161
possibly visited, conform to the description of the mines that the
TJ-lBl was known to carry. The dimensions in the main were:
Diameter, 19i inches; length, exclusive of horns, 4 feet 9§ inches.
They held in their center a charge of approximately 200 pounds of
trinitrate of toluol. They were usually of the four-horned variety
with a single mooring.

Having unburdened herself of her mines, during the interval May
25 to June 2, the U-151 recommenced her activities against coast-
wise vessels, beginning her harvest with the attacks on the vessels
Isabel B. Wiley Sind the Winneconne,

THE U-156.

As no activities of TJ-lBd were reported between July 8, 1918, when
she sank the Norwegian schooner Manx King in latitude 40° N. and
longitude 53° W., and July 17, when she was sighted by the U. S. S.
Earrishirg in latitude 40° 10' N., longitude 68° 55' W., it is probable
that the interval of eight days was utilized in laying mines in the
approaches to New York. The chart evidence shows that U-156
was in a position from which ^he could easily have performed this
task which was, of course, a part of her mission. It is, therefore,
altogether probable that the mine which sank the U. S. S. San Diego
on July 19, 10 miles from Fire Island Lightship, was laid by this
submarine.

' THE U-117.

On August 29, 1918, the U. S. S. Minnesota struck a mine 20 miles
from Fenwick Island Shoal lightship in latitude 38° 11' 05'' N.,
longitude 74° 41' 05" W., sustaining considerable damage but was
able to make port. The chart evidence indicates that this mine was
in all probabihty laid by the U-117 while she continued her course
southward oflF the coast of Maryland. The steamship San Saba also
struck a mine on October 4, 15 mUes southeast of Barnegat, in lati-
tude 39° 40' N., longitude 73° 55' W., which was probably in one of
these same mine fields.

SUBMARINE MINES ON ATLANTIC COAST. 125

U-155.

Between the attack by U-155 on the Newby HaU on September
13, 1918, in latitude 42'' 18' N., longitude 58° 22' W., and her next
reported attack on October 20, when she captured and sunk the
American fishing vessel Kingfisher in latitude 43° 31' N., longitude
61° 53' W., it is probable that the intervening seven days of her
inactivity may be attributed to the fact that it was reported in
advance that one of her purposes was to lay mines oflF Halifax and
Nova Scotia coasts. The sighting of an enemy submarine there and
the chart evidence showing that U-1S6 was in that vicinity and that
mines were discovered off Halifax confirm that report.

SUBMARINE MINES ON THE ATLANTIC COAST OF THE

UNITED STATES.

The story of the submarine mines on the Atlantic coast can be
briefly told.

There were no mines laid on the Atlantic coast either by the
United States Government or any of the AUies. All destruction was,
therefore, by mines pla-ced by the enemy.

The sailor does not fear any of the terrors of the sea or of the enemy,
so long as those terrors are in sight. Whether the vessel be under
sail or steam, he enthusiastically prepares to meet the storms or the
enemy. It is the hidden, invisible enemy that gives him greatest
concern. These enemies were the fog and the submarine mine, to
which in this war has been added the submarine vessel.

Seven vessels, three of which were of great value, were damaged
on the Atlantic coast by the enemy's mines. These were the steam-
ship Herbert L, Pratt, U. S. S. San Diego, steamship Mirlo, U. S. S.
MinTieaota, steamship San Saba, steamship Ohaparra, and the U. S. S.
Saetia, Some details are herewith given concerning these vessels.

Steamship '^Herbert L, Pratt,'' June S, 1918, — On June 3, at 3.35
p. m., the Herbert L, Pratt, an unarmed American steamship of 7,145
tons gross, owned by the Standard Refinery Co., Philadelphia, Pa.,
came in contact with one of these mines and sent out a S. O. S.:

Overfalls Lightship Delaware Breakwater: Have either struck mine or am
torpedoed.

Upon striking the mine the Herbert L. Pratt headed for the shore
and was beached before she sank. * Capt. H. H. Bennet, master of the
Herbert L, Pratt, stated the following in regard to his vessel having
been mined 2 J miles S. 45° E. of OverfaUs Lightship:

We sailed from Mexico May 26 bound for Philadelphia with full cargo of crude oil
iu bulk. We experienced very good weather on the voyage from Tuxpam, and nothing
unusual occurred until we got warnings of submarines operating along the Atlantic
coast, by a wireless which was warning ships to make the nearest port. To the best

126 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

of my recollection this message was received by us at 8 id the morning on June 3.
I ordered the chief engineer to connect up a boiler that was out of operation, for the
purpose of getting all the speed possible ia case of attack. We were at this time
approximately off the Winter Quarter Lightship. I was keeping the regular course
and followed up the usual track.

Nothing further occurred until about 3.35 p. m., when I heard a slight explosion
and felt the vibration of the ship which liu*ched forward apparently striking a sub-
merged object and with indications of bouncing over; only one explosion occurred.
I stopped the engines and started them immediately heading ship for the beach,
ordered men to lifeboat stations, went below for my signal code books, and ordered
wireless to send the position of the ship, her name, and that she had been either
mined or torpedoed. I then went back on bridge of ship, gave chief officer orders
not to allow the men to take the boats until I had given orders; I ran the ship for
approximately 15 minutes until she refused to stir, then I ordered the men out of the
engine room, and all hands into boats. We then left the ship.

Just previous to this, I hailed a guard boat (I don't know her name or number)
and ordered her to stand by that I was sinking. This guard was approximately 2,000
feet on my port side. He signaled me "All right," and stood by until we left in
boats. The pilot boat came up in the meantime.

We rowed over to the pilot boat where the crew was taken aboard, and I was put
on board the guard boat. The guard boat started for Cape May and met another
guard boat and hailed him. We then turned around and started for Cape Henlopen.
We hailed the same guard boat again. While speaking to this guard boat I saw the
wake of what appeared to be a submarine approximately 1,000 feet from starboard.
This wake, I should say, was about 2 miles from where my vessel, the Herbert L. Pratt,
was struck. I do not suppose the time or duration of this wake lasted more than a
minute. I desire to state again in connection with the explosion that prior to the
explosion I observed nothing that led me to believe that a submarine was operating
in this vicinity. Both guard boats started immediately, the one I was on running
toward Cape Henlopen and the other toward Cape May.

Shortly after, we heard guns fired from the guard boat that had gone in the direction
of Cape May. I could distinctly see from my position a hitting ef the shells in the
water. I do not recall how many he shot, but I heard the explosion at least three or
foiu* times. We continued on to the naval base at Lewes, landing there and waiting
for the crew which was being brought in by the pilot boat. All the crew was landed
and taken to the naval base where they were fed.

Immediately upon the receipt of the SOS message from the
Herbert L. PraU, a number of S. P. boats were dispatched to the
rescue. On June 3, at 9 p. m., the Herbert L. Pratt was visited by
Naval Constructor Davis and at 4 p. m., June 4, preparations to
raise her were begujQ; on the same date she was floated and brought
to anchor in the breakwater. The Herbert L, PraM left the Break-
water at 11 p. m., on Wednesday, June 5, 1918, and arrived in Phila^
delphia on the same day.

Armored cruiser San Diego, Jvl'J 19, 1918 — ^The court of inquiry
which investigated the sinking of the U. S. S. San Diego reported the
following conclusions:

The court is of the opinion that the loss of the U. S. S. San Diego was due to an
external explosion of a mine.

That the loss of the ship, loss of life, and injury to personnel incurred was in no
way due to any negligence, failure to take proper precautions, or inefficiency of the
captain or any of the personnel of the ship.

SINKING OF THE U. S. S. SAN DIEGO. 127

That the loss of life and injury to personnel was incurred in the line of duty and
in no way due to their own misconduct.

That at the time of the disaster and thereafter the conduct of the captain, officers,
and crew was in the highest degree commendable, and that the remarkably small loss
of life was due to the high state of discipline maintained on board.

That no officer should be held responsible for the loss of funds or property for which
he was accountable, and that no further proceedings should be held in this cflse.

The court in its report reviews the main points in the testimony
as follows :

The U. S. S. Sah DiegOy under the command of Capt. H. H. Christy, United States
Navy, was making passage from Portsmouth, N. H., to New York, N. Y., and at or
about 11.05 a. m. July 19, 1918, she was in approximate latitude 40° 30^ N., longitude
73° W., on base course 304 true, and zigzagging by an approved plan; speed, 15 knots.

The captain was steering a safe and proper course at the time to minimize the sub-
marine and mine dangers in those waters. A careful inspection watch had been
maintained while last coaling ship to prevent the introduction of any foreign matter
in the coal bunkers. All lookouts, gun watches, fire-control parties, etc., as pre-
scribed by the "Orders for Ships in Convoy" of the commander cruiser and transport
force were at their stations and on the alert. All reasonable and necessary orders to
safeguard the water-tight integrity of the ship in dangerous waters had been given
and were being carried out.

The following is a report by the Secretary of the Navy regarding
the sinking of the U. S. S. San Diego:

At about 11.05 a. m., July 19, 1918, an explosion took place in proximity of the
skin of the ship, at about frame No. 78, on the port side and well below the water line.
As a result of this explosion the ship began to list to port and she finally rolled over
and sank bottom up at about 11.25 a. m., July 19, 1918. The explosion was an ex-
terior one and as a result of this explosion the skin of the ship was ruptured in the
vicinity of bulkhe^-d No. 78, at the level of the port engine room; and bulkhead No. 78
was so deformed that water-tight door No. 142, between the port-engine room and No. 8
fireroom, was opened to the ingress of water to No. 8 fireroom. The effect of this
rupture was to immediately fill the port-engine room and adjacent compartments,
and No. 8 fireroom was soon filled also. The effect of this water would give the ship
a list of 17i° to port. With the increased displacement water entered through 6-inch
gun port No. 10, which was justifiably open to permit using that gun, when the ship
had listed 9J°. This resulted in flooding the gun deck and accelerated the heeling
of the ship and her fiinal capsizing. Relatively small quantities of water entered the
upper dynamo room through nonwater-tight voice tubes, but this had no appreciable
effect on the sinking of the ship.

The captain properly withheld the order to abandon ship until he was certain that
the ship would capsize and sink. JThe ship was abandoned in good order, and ex-
cellent discipline prevailed. Gun crews remained at their guns and continued firing
at all suspicious objects until they were forced to jump into the water. The captain
was the last to leave the ship.

The radio apparatus was put out of commission by the explosion. As no radio
reports of this disaster had been sent, Lieut. C. J. Bright, United States Navy, was
ordered to proceed with a dinghy crew to Long Island to report the disaster and
request rescue vessels. The boat reached shore safely and carried out its orders.

The steamships Maiden, Capt. Brown; Biissum, Capt. Brewer; and J^. P. Jones,
Capt. Dodge, hove in sight later and rescued the men in the water and transported
them to New York. The court states the captains of these steamers showed courage

\

128 GERMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

and a splendid spirit in taking their ships into these waters, where a sabmaiine had
apparently been operating, and deserve commendation for their actions and it is
reconunended that suitable acknowledgment be made by the Navy Department of
their gallantry.

On the day subsequent to this disaster six contact mines were located by the naval
forces in the vicinity of the i)osition where the disaster of the U. S. S. San Diego
occurred.

As a result of this disaster six enlisted men were injured and six lives lost.

The six men lost in the sinking of the Scm Diego were Clyde Chester
Blaine, engineman, second class; Thomas Everett Davis, fireman,
first class; Paul John Harris, seaman, second class; Andrew Munson,
machinist's mate, second class; James Francis Rochet, engineman,
second class; Frazier O; Thomas, machinist's mate, second class.

THE SINKING OF THE S. S. MIRLO.

The British steamship Mirlo, 6,978 gross tons, was smik at 3.30
p. m. on August 16, 1918, about one-half of a mile off Wimble Shoal
Buoy; caused by an explosion. The ship took fire, being loaded with
gasoline, and was abandoned after an attempt to beach her. Due to
later explosions, she broke in two, in approximately latitude 35° 30'
N. and longitude 75"* 18' W.

The credit for the destruction of the Mirlo has formerly been given
to the activity of the German submarine TJ-117, which was operating
off the Atlantic coast at that time. The commanding officer claimed
that the ship was torpedoed. However, no one saw a submarine or
the wake of a torpedo. There was nothing to confirm the first report
that a submarine was sighted.

There were nine other vessels in the vicinity, one within sight of
the Mirlo, and no reports of sighting a submarine were made by any
of them. The Mirlo was located at the time of her destruction over
a now well-known mine field. (See Chart No. 2.) The IT. S. S. Taylor
sighted a fioating mine the next day 1 mile east of the wreck. It,
therefore, seems highly probable that the Mirlo was stmk by a sub-
merged anchpred mine, notwithstanding the captain's very positive
statement that the ship was torpedoed.

8TATBMBNT OF CAPT. W. B. WILLIAMS, MASTBB BBTTIBH S. S. '^MIBLO."

On August 16, 1918, at 3.30 p. m. A. T. S., when the steamer was steering a north
course off Wimble Shoal Buoy, bearing north by west half a miie distance, she was
struck on the starboard side aft by a torpedo, bursting No. 2 tank and blowing up the
decks, which was immediately followed by another torpedo, which struck farther
aft and set fire to ship in stokehold and after end . The explosion causing the dynamos
to be put out of commission, also breaking engine room, and destroying telegraph
and putting wireless gear out of commission.

The orders were then given to make boats ready for lowering and efforts were made
to put the ship toward the shore with some success. The starboard lifeboat was
then lowered first, which got away from the ship. The port lifeboat was then lowered

POUNDS OF T. N, T.

Ail;i?iO":i..iA^

!t

s i

'•?- .Vij^U

It

THE SINKING OF THE S. 8. MIBLO. 129

and entered the water all right, when it was noticed that the tiller fouled the after
falls, causing the boat to shear off from the ship and capsize. All the men that were
in her were thrown into the water. At the same time the boat capsized she cleared
herself from the ship. The starboard boat tried to go to the rescue. The orders were
given to clear the after boats and lower same.

After ascertaining that all hands were off the ship we lowered away. During these
operations the boat's falls caught fire, and it was with great difficulty that we suc-
ceeded in pulling away from the vessel. In a few minutes after leaving it the
ship exploded with terrific force fore and aft, at the same time catching fire fore
and aft. It was with difficulty that we managed to clear the fire, and smoke that was
floating on the water, caused by the ship bursting and all the cargo coming out.

The ship had been towing her otter gears from Florida Straits, and was towing
them at the time of accident. The ship was steering a straight course north, mag-
netic, and in my opinion it would have been impossible for these explosions to have
been caused by mines — the explosions being 12 to 14 feet below the water line. The
two explosions were almost simultaneous.

A careful lookout had been maintained throughout the phSB&ge, and neither sub-
marines nor mines had been sighted. There was no wake of either torpedo observed
nor warning given.

The ship was armed with one 4-inch breech-loading gun aft and manned by a gun
crew of three men, Briti^ Navy ratings. As soon as the torpedoes struck, the ship
took fire aft. The gun crew was on the lookout, but nolMng was seen to fire at.

After clearing the ship 1 lost sight of the other two boats, owing to the fire and
smoke which I thought had enveloped them. After pulling away and sailing clear
of the fire and smoke we looked for the other two boats, but nothing was seen of them.
It was then decided to take the boat inshore. After proceeding inshore for sometime
a motor boat was sighted, which came to us and spoke to us, and turned out to be
from Coast Guard Station No. 179. He asked if there were any other boats about,
and I requested him to go to the fire, as there were two other boats with 34 men in.
He then directed me how to make for the landing and he went away toward the fire,
as nothing was then seen of the ship.

The captain of the Coast Guard station succeeded in locating the upturned boat
and the other boat which was intact. He took -six men from the upturned boat.
It was found that 10 men had been drowned from the upturn^ boat. The men
who were rescued from the upturned boat stated to me that some of the men were
under the boat when she capsized, and were not seen again. The second officer
jumped from the boat into the sea, and told the others it was best to try to swim clear
of the fire, which threatened to envelop them, as they assumed the fire was then
only 10 yards from them. The boat then drifted away faster than the men could
swim, and they were imable to reach the boat and were seen to drown by the rescued
men.

I could attach no blame to anyone for this disaster, and had it not been for the
heroic manner in which the Coast Guard went in and out of the fire to rescue the loss
of life would have been much greater; and I take this opportunity to congratulate
and thank them for their heroic work of rescue, and their kindness and attention to
all alter the rescue.

U. S. S. MiNNBSOTA,

S October, 1918.
FtoMk: Oommtekding officer.

To: Comniaader Battleship Force One.

Subject: Report of damage sustained by strikiiig mine.

1. At 3.15 a. m., September 29, 1918, when this ship was proceediiig on course
13® (true), speed 96 refVohitioiiB, and was 2(^.6 ndles from Fenwick Island Shoal Lin^t

181062'— 20 ^9

130 GEBMAN SUBMARINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

Ship, bearing 346** (true), a heavy explodon under the starboard bow, about abreast
frame 11, occurred.

2. At this time I was in the chart house examining the chart. I immediately
repaired to the bridge and took charge. Collision and torpedo defense quarters had
been sounded and officers and men were repairing rapidly and quietly to their stations.
The ship had settled by the bow without appreciable list. Early reports showed
that the ship was intact abaft frame 16 but that forward of that frame all compartments
were probably flooded. The shoring of the water-tight bulkhead at frame 16 was
immediately started and pushed ahead as rapidly as possible. At 3.18 a. m. the
engines were slowed to two-thirds speed (64 revolutions) to ease the pressure of bulk-
head at frame 16. At 3.20 a. m. changed course to 270** (true) in order to get into
shoaler water should the shored bulkhead fail. At 4.23 a. m., having reached the
10-fathom curve, changed course to 0** (tihie), and at 4.32 a. m. to 10** (true). Passed
2.7 miles to the westward of Fenwick Island Shoal Light Ship and proceeded to Dela-
ware Breakwater via McCriee Shoal gas and whistling buoy and the swept channel.
Arrived off Delaware Breakwater at 9.30 a. m.; took on board pilot and proceeded to
navy yard, Philadelphia, where arrived about 7.45 p. m., and was successfully docked
at 9.30 p. m.

3. When the dock had been unwatered, it was found that on the starboard side,
between frames 5 and 16, and from the lower edge of the armor belt to the keel, the
ship's structure was practically obliterated. The skin plating had been ruptured
and blown in past the centerline, the forward and after portions folding in sharply
over the edges of the bulkheads at frames 5 and 16. Compartments A-3, 4, 5, 21, 36,
and 37 are practically obliterated. A-38 is badly dished in and corresponding com-
partments on the port side are no longer water-tight. The protective deck is intact.
A detailed examination has been made by the yard authorities and estimates of time
and material for necessary repairs are being prepared.

4. At the time of the explosion the sea was smooth and the night dark, the waning
moon, about two and one-half hours high, being obscured by clouds. The visibility
was such that the U. S. S. Israely the escorting destroyer, was visible when about
800 yards distant.

5. No one saw any trace of a submarine or a periscope nor was the wake of a torpedo
near the site of the explosion seen by any one either before or after the explosion
occurred, and I am of the opinion that the damage wus caused by the explosion of an
anchored mine. There is but one piece of testimony that might indicate that the
cause was a torpedo. A few minutes after the explosion occurred and while the course
was being changed to west (true), L. O. Griggsby, electrician, second class, who was
stationed at No. 7 searchlight, reported the wake of a torpedo crossing the stem from
starboard to port. He is quite positive that he saw this wake, though no one else
observed it. If there was such a wake it should have been seen by the Israel^ as it
must have passed very close to her. She made no report of sighting such a wake,
and as, after escorting this ship to Delaware Breakwater, she proceeded on other
assigned duty, I have had no opportunity to get information from her upon this point.

6. Notwithstanding Griggsby's testimony, I am of the opinion that the cause 6t
the damage was the explosion of an enemy mine. Fortunately, it is believed that the
cause can be definitely determined by a thorough examination of a nearly complete
composition casting found by the yard authorities in the damaged section of the ship.
This casting has sJl the appearances of being one of the bushings into which the
protruding horns of a German mine are screwed. Fragments of steel to which the
casting was evidently brazed are attached to it. The color of the metal of the casting
indicates a copper content much lower than any alloy used in the United States
Navy. The internal screw threads are sufficiently intact to enable a determination
to be made whether or not the threads are metnc or Engliah standard.

J, V. Chase.

THE SINKING OF THE U. S. S. MINNESOTA. 181

(l8t indoraement.]

Unitbd Statbs Atlantic Flbbt,

Battleship Fobcb Onb,

U. S. S. '* Minnesota/' Flagship,

€ Oeiober, 1918.
From: Commandor Battleflhip Force One.

To: Gomiiiander in Chief.

Subject: Report of damage sustained by striking a mine.

1. Forwarded.

2. The Mmnetoia was proceeding in accordance with prescribed routing instruc-
tions; there was no loss of life; the efficient condition of the ship as regards water*
ti|^t integrity was demonstrated.

3. Under normal conditions, investigation by means of a court of inquiry of all the
drcumstances attendant upon tins casualty would be held. It would, however,
seriouriy interfere with important operations to order a court of officers of appropriate
rank at the present time; therefore, in view of the facts set forth above, unless other-
wise directed by the department, a court of inquiry will not be ordered.

4. The ability of the ship to proceed to port after sustaining so severe an injury

reflects credit upon the officers and crew of the Minnesota and her efficient condition

as to water-tight integrity.

A. W. Grant.

U. S. S. "Minnesota,"

9 October, 1918.
From: Commanding Officer.
To: Commander Battleship Force One.

Subject: Supplemental report on damage sustained by Minnesota September 29, 191ft.
Reference: (a) Report of damage sustained by striking a mine October 3, 1918.
Inclosures: (6) Statement of L. O. Griggsby, El. 2cl.

" " A. E. Lynn, Sea. 2cl. i

" " E. J. Meyer, Yeo. Icl.

** " L. S. R. Steadman, Cox. '!

** " W. Kent, Sea. 2cl. . . il

" A. W. Singer, Sea.

1. I have to submit the following report supplementing and modifying paragraph 5
of reference.

2. In paragraph 5 of reference it is stated that L. O. Griggsby, El. 2cl., reported the
wake of a torpedo crossing the stem from starboard to port, but no one else observed this
wake. A more thorough investigation than had been possible at the time reference
was written shows that five other men state that they observed a torpedo wake crossing
from starboard to port. The statements of all six men are inclosed.

3. An examination of these statements indicates that whatever it was that these
six men saw, they probably all saw the same thing. Two of the men were on lookout
watch at the time of the explosion, the other four were awi^ened by the shock of the
explosion. If these men did see a torpedo wake, it is evident from their statements
that the torpedo had no direct connection with the explosion, as when they saw the
wake the ship must have been at least 1,000 yards from the scene of the explosion.

4-. It will be noted that four of these men state that at the time they observed the
wake the ship was swinging to the right. As a matter of &kct no such change of course
was made, the only change of course being to the left, when the course was changed
to west (true). This change of course to the left was made just about the time the
report of the torpedo wake reached the bridge, my recollection being that the ship
had begun to swing to the left when the report reached me. At that time the Israel,
which had been on the port quarter when the explosion occurred, was coming up
rapidly on the starboard side.

132 GERMAN SUBMABINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

5. It was about this time that a dark object on the port bow was reported from the
forward netting, and I directed the lirael to investigate this object. She turned
passed under the stem, and proceeded off the port bow.

6. This ship continued to turn to course west (true), as I deemed this the best course
to pursue under the circumstances, for the ship was thus boing brought parallel to the
reported torpedo wake and heading for the dark object, should it ptove to be an enemy
submarine. As a matter of ^t I did not believe either report to be correct.

7. Through a duplication of orders, the siren was sounded a second time. This
duplication was caused by a misunderstanding of a report which led jsA to believe that
the general alarm had been sounded but the siren had not been blown. This eecond
blast was about three minu1;ee after the first blast.

8. After careful consideration of the inclosed statements, I still doubt very soiously
if a torpedo wake was really seen and believe that what was seen was some commotion
in the water caused by the laruel, combined possibly with the debris that must have
been washed from the wrecked storerooms in wake of the explosion. As for the dark
object reported on the port bow, nothing came of it and it iqypareiitly disappeared.
I do not believe it had any real existence.

9. The fragment found by the yard authoritiee in the damaged section of the ship
has been photograj^ed and forwarded by the commandant to the Office of Navid
Operations. It is hoped that an examination of this fragment will determine definitely
the cause of the damage to this ship.

J. V. Chase.

OCTOBBB 6, 1918.
From: Commandant, Fifth Naval District.
To: Chief of Naval Operations.

Subject: American S. S. San Saha^ formerly S. S. Colerado, 2,458 tons gross, owned by
the Mallory line until taken over by the United States Railroad Administration.

1. The above vessel left New York October 3, 1918, at 5 p. m., bound for Tampa,
Mobile, with a general cargo. The master was Capt. B. G. Birdsall.

2. Just prior to the slulring her course was from Ambrose Light, vessel sailing south
by west i west. At 11.30 p. m., October 3, 1918, she had Bamegat on four points at
12.25 a. m.; October 4, 1918, Bamegat was abeam. At 12.30 a. m., her course was
changed to southwest, and 15 minutes later while on this course she was struck. Ship
had not been zigzagging. At 12.45 a. m. the vessel was struck amidship well b^w the
water line with such force that she practically broke in two and sank in five itainutes,
being completely submerged by 12.50 a. m., with her colors flyitig. There was no
moon, and the vessel was under full way when she was struck.

3. As stated by the second oflBcer in inclosure (A) at 12.30 a. m. October 4, 1918, he
sighted a very dim green light two points to the port bow about 500 feet distant; after
the vessel was struck this light disappeared, and because of this circumstance second
officer is convinced that the light came from an enemy submarine and was exposed
with the intent of deceiving the San Saba, It is felt, however, that this opinion is
not conclusive, as the light may have come from a sailing vessel which, warned by
the destruction of the San Saba and assuming there was an enemy submarine, extin-
guished her light and escaped without attempting to render assistance to the crew of
the San Saba, No signals were seen other than the above light to indicate the presence
of a submarine. At the time the San Saba was struck another vessel heading north
one point to the starboard bow, about one-quarter of a mile distant from the San Saba,
changed her course and headed for the beach. No s^als passed between this vessel
and the supposed submarine.

4. The San Saba was not fitted with wireless, and the only secret code or papers
aboard were the routing instructions which went down with the ship.

5. The second officer, figuring from memory, stated that officers and crew totaled 34
persons. This will be verified by Mr. John Staples, assistant marine superintendent.

THE SINKING OF THE U. S. S. SAETIA. 138

Pier No. 36, North River, N. Y., who has the crew list and insurance papers. At the
time the vessel sank there was no chance to launch the boats or get buoys, and it is
believed that many were killed by the force of the explosion, which was so great that
the belief is entertained that it came from an anchored mine. It will be noted in the
third answer to inclosure (A) the second officer expressed himself as having '* heard a
heavy noise knocking on the ship's side which followed with an explosion a minute or
80 afterwards." There was in all probability a shorter lapse of time than the minute
described by the second officer between his first hearing the knocking and the subse-
quent explosion. This was probably the mine bumping along the bottom of the vessel
from the bow back to amidship where the explosion took place.

6. Befeoring to inclosure (D), Adolph Beer, the second officer; Edwardo Simona,
seaman; and Pedro Aceredo, coal passer, are the only survivors known to xm, Mr,
Beer sustained himself by means of a life buoy, and was taken up, according to his own
statement, at 4 p. m., by the Norwegian S. S. Breiford. The other two men, according
to their statements, sustained themselves on an improvised life raft made in the water
from wreckage, and were taken up at 4.30 p. m. by the S. B. Breiford, These two men
further stated that two other members of the crew diared their life raft, but that one
died from exposure at 6 a. m. and the second at noon on October 4. These three sur-
vivors as noted in reference (E) left Norfolk for New York via the New York, Philadel-
phia & Norfolk R. R. at 6 p. m., October 5, 1918.

On November 9, 1918, the U. S. S. Saetia, one of the naval overseas
transportation ships of 2,873 gross tons, owned by the United
States Shipping Board, bound from France to Philaddphia, with 10
officers and 74 enlisted men, one Army officer acting as quartermas-
ter, a total of 85, struck a mine 10 miles SSE., magnetic course, Pen-
wick Island Shoal, from the statements of the members of the crew,
about 8.10 or 8.30 a, m. Lieut. Commander Walter S, Lynch, the
commanding offifeer of the U. S. S. Saetia, says he was in the wheel-
house when the accident occurred and that he went immediately to
the side of the ship and saw that the explosion occurred abreast
No. 3 hatch, and that the boats were gotten away inunediately, or in
about five minutes after the explosion. Sixty-six men were in boats
1, 2, 3, and 4, and 19 men on two life rafts. The papers of the ship
were placed in a weighted bag and thrown overboard, as the captain
believed the ship had been torpedoed by a submarine.

The ship was returning to the United States in ballast. The chief
engineer was injured and the barber (a seaman) sustained a sprained
back; two other men were hurt. One had his head split, and the
other a split nose — making three men injured slightly and the chief
engineer seriously. The chief engineer was in his room ; the explosion
took place right imder his room, and the debris thrown up wounded
him. He thinks himself a piece of torpedo went through his shin.
No other fragments of a torpedo were found.

Lieut. J. W. Flemming, executive officer of the Saetia, placed the
confidential papers of the ship in a weighted bag and threw it over-
board.

134 GEKMAN SUBMABINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

Two of the men, Ensign E. E. Cornell and C. E. America, an oUer,
are certain they saw the conning tower of a submarine not more than
200 feet away. However, it is thought probable that they saw part
of their own wreckage, and that the ship was sunk by a mine. A total
of 85 survivors were later accounted for. -

On October 27, 1918, about 10 p. m., the Ohaparra, Cuban steam-
ship of 1,505 gross tons, with a cargo of sugar, bound from Cuba to
New York, was blown up by a mine 10 J miles south by east off
Bamegat light. The crew of 11 men came in the Inlet with the
captain in one of their own boats; the balance of the crew landed on
North Beach, Coast Guard Station 112.

Capt. Jose Vinolas, the captain of the Chaparra, testifies that he
is a native of Barcelona, Spain; that he was the captain of the Chap-
arm, and that she was flying the Cuban flag, her owner being Empresa
Naviera de Cuba, S. A., Habana, Cuba. That they had a full cargo
of sugar consisting of 14,000 bags. That tiiie agents for the ship in
New York were Manuel Caragol & Son. That they sailed from
Cardenas, Cuba, on October 22, 1918, botmd for New York. At the
time of the ship's destruction her location was: South 60^, 10 miles
from Bamegat, making 8 miles an hour. That on the night of
October 27, at 10 p. m., they felt a heavy blow just forward of the
bridge on the port side; there was a terrific explosion, and the vessel
was fairly lifted out of the water. At the same time a column of water
was thrown up which covered the bridge. The vessel listed to port
and capsized, sinking within 2^ minutes. They only had time to
launch two boats from the starboard side, and managed to save 23
of the crew of their 29. That he fears that the 6 missing men were
killed. That they made for Bamegat Light, Station 113, and landed
about 8 p. m. on October 28. They were picked up at that place by
a boat which took them to Bamegat. The weather was clear with a
moderate sea. Saw no submarine. There were various other vessels
in the vicinity which were not molested, which leads him to believe
that the ship struck a mine. Ship's papers went down with the ship.

The testimony of Capt. Vinolas is corroborated by the menibers of
his crew, all of whom agree that the Chaparra was sunk by a mine.

MINE-SWEEPING SHIPS.

The mine-sweeping operations on the European side of the Atlaatic
are dealt with in another paper. For this duty on the Atlantic coast
of the United States the following vessels were employed:

MINE-SWEEPING OPERATIONS ON ATLANTIC COAST. 137

No. 6: Off Chesapeake Bay Buoy 2cB. Number mines

given by message, 6. Not shown on chartlet.
No. 7: Off Wimble Shoal Buoy. Number mines, 9.

5. All of these areas, and all of the areas given in other two reports^
have been carefully swept.

6. Mines have been fotmd as follows:

Area No, 1: Fire Island,

Number.

San Diego-rSunk 19 July 1

20 July— Destroyed 3

6 August — ^Found on Fire Island 2

5 September — ^Found on Fiie Inland 1

S September^ Found on Sandy Hook 1

Total , 8

Area No. 2; Bamegat.

Number. #

7 September— Mine cut loose by U. S. S. South Carolina

8 September — Destroyed 14.5 miles NE. Brigantine Shoals Buoy. .
4 October— TJ. S. S. San Saba sunk

10 October— Destroyed by U. S. S. Teal

12 October— Destroyed by TJ. S. S. Teal

14 October— Destroyed by U. S. S. Teal

16 October— Destmyed by U. S. S. Freehold

27 October — ^U. S. S. Ghaparra simk ., ^

Total 8

German report give nine mines in this field.

Area No, S: South Pf Fitwwiek lelanfi lAgJukmue.

Number.
29 September— U. S. S. Minnesota mined

9 November— U. S. S. Seatia sunk

9 January— Destroyed by U. S. S. Teal.

12 January—Destroyed by U. S. S. Teal .-.

15 January— Destroyed by U. S. S. Teal

14 January — ^Destroyed by U. S. S. Teal

20 January— Destroyed by U. S. 8. Teal _

Total,

German report gave seven in this area.

Area No, 4: South of Winter Quarter Shoal Lightakip.

Number.

23 November— Destroyed by U. S. S. Rail 4

24 November— Destroyed by U. S. S. Rail 3

Total 7

S. S. iThtaTid reported sinking one mine 11 miles SW. Whiter Quar-
ter Shoal Lightship 15 January. If this report is correct, it would
make eight mines accounted for in this field. German report gave
eight mines in this field.

Area No. S: South of Winter Quarter Shoal Lightship.

No mines have been found in this field, although it has been care-
fully swept.

138 GERMAN SUBMABINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

Area No, 6: Off Chesapeake Bay Buoy iCB,

Number.

22 June — Two miles from Virginia Beach Buoy, destroyed

6July—Lat. 36*^38' N.,75*» 44' W., destroyed

31 July — Found ashore at Gargathy Inlet

18 August^Lat . 36** 08' N. , 75** 34' N . , destroyed

18 August — ^Four miles off Cape Henry Buoy 2CB, destroyed

9 September— Lat. 36® 52^ N., long. 75*» 44' W., destroyed

9 September — ^Found ashore Coast Guard Station No. 168

Total.

None of these mines were swept up. Those destroyed were found
floating or ashore. From German reports, six mines were planted in
this area. The mine found at Gargathy Inlet might be credited with
this field or the Overfalls field.

Area No, 7: Wimble Shoal,

Namber.

15 August — S. S. Mirlosunk 1

18 August— Destroyed by U. S. S. Teal 2

25 August— Destroyed by TJ. S. S. Teal 2

30 August— Destroyed by U. S. S. Teal 2

5 September— Destroyed by U. S. S. Teal 3

Total 10

German reports gave nine mines in this field.

Area No, 8: OffOverfalU LighUhip,

This field was not shown on any German chartlet, although one message from
Admiial Sims states ''across mouth of Delaware River 2 miles east of Overfalls Light."

Number.

3 June — S. S. Herbert Pratt sunk 1

3 June — Destroyed 2

3 June — Destroyed 1

9 June — Destroyed 1

16 August — Destroyed 5 miles from Five Fathom Bank Lightship. . 1
10 June, 1919— Found ashore Coast Guard Light No. 140 1

Total.

The mines swept up in this area were not across the entrance of
Delaware, but were on a line about S. by E. from Overfalls Light.

7. Besides these reported areas, the following mines have been
reported :

Namber.

20 September— Out loose by P. V., not destroyed; lat. 40** 48^ N.,

long. 70** 33^ W. Reported by S. S. Plassey (doubtful) 1

9 September — Reported by steamship sunk south of Cape Hatteras. 1
8 October — ^Reported by steamship sunk south of Cape Hatteras,

kt. 38^20'N.,long. 76*»18^W 1

18 September — Sunk by rifle fire off Halifax 1

10 October— Landed at St. Margarets Bay 1

21 October — ^Washed ashore Sable Island 1

Total 6

VESSET^ DESTKOYED BY THE SUBMABINES. 139

8. The grand total of all mines found is as follows:

Niimba,

Outside T«ported fields S

Vidnity Overfklls Lightship 7

Vicini^ Wimble Shoal : 10

Vudnity Clieeapeake Bay 7

Vicinity WinUa- Quarter Shoal Lightship 9

Vicimty Fenwick Island Shoal Lightship 7

Vicinity Bam^at 8

Vicinity Fire Island Lightahip S

ToUJ 62

Of Aese, three mines were found off Nova Scotia, leaving 57 on
the United States Atlantic coast.

9. Besides these mines which have been sunk, reports of mines
sighted drifting have been received to the number of 29. While
these reports of drifting min.ee could not be authenticated, onlj those
that the source was considered reUable have been counted.

10. In view of the above, and the fact that all fields reported have
been carefully swept, and some of them several times, it is beUeved
that the United States Atlantic coast may be declared clear of nunee,
and sweeping discontinued.

Tahlb Ho. 1. — VtutU dfln^ed 6y &* tubrrurina aetinq on thi noffoee, uting gwnfirt
and homht, in toatem AUaatw.

(VnMb Anmkui Dolaw ottwrwlM noted.)

K (nlved).. .

teMB.'wiitr.'JJlII!

vr M' M., 7S* oc '

. bT B., S
ndlMB]

EldaroM (NonrwUn) . .
Sdwird R.B>lid7jr...

^^iilutll(Nn«clin)...
"•-If Drf R'-

WaOtfBa (Horwtiilan). ..
HandfeXuDd (Nirir(icl>n) .

Chiller (B^Uu)..

July 21

:!!do;ii:

...do....
...do....

July M
lluly n

ByduyB^tvood

Natooa iL^vn^Mi)'.'.' ." '.
O.B.Jtoatav

B ,

S mUMlnmi Orlsans, U

SeallsluidX. (T),30milM.

.*.

GEBMAlf BITBMABINE ACTIVITIES ON ATLANTIC COAST.

S LebsTfl Bftnia, IS miltf BE. oL

Olad^ H. BoUett (Caiw- .
dlan).

Htmtor M- 8eMn»n. ,

Uerak

DUnmnd Bhoal L. S

BfdlaDd (Swcdisb)

Kitle L. Painur.

WlUUm bV Surbtick "V.

jM^Mtj'//.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.

Uar; K. Seiiiiett

Eul and Nettie

OiiT^^»^y.'.'.'."'.'.y.'.'.'.

Dorothy B. Barrett

Uwlni«(id» (BnttillsD)

Sui Jose<Ndtw«^Bii) B

Vrtdbax (NotwmImi).. •
Trlniapb (CuiadiBn) . . ,

Ludlle it. Bduun CCshb-

dUn).
Fisnces J. O'Han, Jr. ..

dUn).

A. PlBttAiidnw?.

tFda A. SaundeiB (Caua- .

diui).
Pasadena (Cansdlau)

Blui«(slvedHCaiiadlui) B

Veroa D. Adami (Cuu-

dlan).
J, J. KtahertT

Gloamlue (Canadian)..

:5'.'°.

-- -rN.,73MB'W.

«■ sr H., )B* w w.

Nev Cape Hattni, nprtai-

mutely as" op N^tPiC W.
*1* SO' N., «• zy T.

!• l* N., 87* W W,
. _f«'N.,«7*lff W.

. a'«'N.,wio'W.

■ Uog. 14
i: Aug. IS
.. Auf. IT

. Aog. n

'. Aug. 23

42° W N., M' 42- W.
3e-4?'N„T4-OS'W.
■0 miles 8. br W. of Cnaberrj

Istand (T) (csptuied).
Cap* CaDSO, N. ) E. (t), GSmileo,

Si miles SSE.

Novs Bcolifl.

Cape CaBSo, SE

WW.
from Cape Ciuiso,
.^E.«OmllM.

4J*13'N., Bl-OCW.

*fl* 33' N., sr 33' W.

, 46" 33' N., ST* 33' W.

:.*■:.

. Aas.31

. Bept. 11

. Bept.a9

. 0«t. I

43- 31' N
ST'SyN

Table No. S.'— FomI* dtttroyed by the eubmarine mbmerged and firing lorpedoa.
(Vessels Ameriean unless otberwise noted.)

Name.

Class.

Tons.

Date.

resit Ion.

B B

IS'^SL^SidS^^*'

ft- '.

FndnUIt.Jhik^..!..

SaWSlSKv:;:

-S:-

^^'■^

e.8..-

as- els' N.; 60' WW.

ANALYSIS OF TABLES — CONCLUSIONS.

Table No. 3. — Vessels damaged or destroyed by mines.

141

Name.

Class.

Tons.

Date.

Position.

Herbert L. Pratt (salved) ....
SaoiDieeo (salved)

Tanker .
U. 8. S..
S.S

U. 8. 8^.

S.S

...do

...do....

7,145
13,6801

6,978
17,6601

2,458
1,506
2,873

June 3
July 19
Aug. 16
Sept. 29

Oct. 4
Oct. 27
Nov. 9

Ovarfell8Lirfitship.N. 45* W. (T),2J miles.
40* 30^ N., 7F OC W.

Mirlo (BritUh)

36' 30^ N., 75* W W.

Minneiwta ("^i^ed).

38* 06^ N.. 74* 06^ W.; made port. Pblladel-

flfin 8ftbA ,

phia. Pa.
39* 4(K N., 73* 5^ W.

Chaparra (Cuban)

Saetia.

S. 60* E., 10 miles from Bamegat.

E. from Ocean City, Md., about 10 miles

Lightship."

1 Displacement.

An analysis of the above tables is of considerable interest. Of the
vessels attacked by the submarine on the surface, 62 were sailing
vessels, tugs, barges, and motor boats, and 17 were steamers. Of
the sailing vessels, there will be noted that many of them were very
small, schooners from 100 tons up, besides a number of motor, boats
varying between 18 and 117 tons.

It will be noted that the vessels torpedoed were all steamships
from moderate to large size. It is apparent that the submarine
intended to take no chances, and where the vessel appeared large
enough to probably be armed the torpedo was resorted to, whereas
the small helpless craft was openly attacked and ruthlessly destroyed.

Of tiie vessels destroyed or injured by mines all were large vessels.

The German campaign, by means of submarines on the Atlantic
coast of the United States, so far as concerned the major operations
of the war, was a failure. Every transport and cargo vessel bound
for Europe sailed as if no such campaign was in progress. All coast-
wise shipping sailed as per schedule, a little more care in routing
vessels being observed. There was no interruption to the coast
patrol which, on the contrary, became rather more active. The
small vessels of the submarine chaser and converted yacht types,
axmed with very small*guns but provided with depth charges, scoured
the coast regardless of the fact that the enemy submarines were
equipped with ordnance very much heavier than their own. There
was no stampede on the Atlantic coast; no excitement; everything
went on in the usual calm way and, above all, this enemy expedition
of the Atlantic coast did not succeed in retaining on the Atlantic
coast any vessels that had been designed for duty in European waters.

APPENDIX,

Navt Department,
Office of Naval Operations,

Waskingtany 6 February, 1918.
Twm: A qpecial board to formulate a plan of defense in home waters.
To: Chief of Naval Operations.

Subject: Defense against submarine attack in home waters.
Reference: (a) Opnav. letter No. of February 1, 1918, convening Board.

1. Pursuant to instructions, reference (a), the Board convened at 10 a. m., Monday,
4 February, 1918, all members present except Lieut. Commander Foy, who was present
beginning with the afternoon session. As a result of its deliberations, the Board
submits the following report:

Basis of Discussion.

2. The Germans have completed a number of cruising submarines of large radius
and laige capacity, and these may be used on our coast with a view to divert some of
our military activity away from European waters. The constant increase of anti-
submarine forces abroad may compel an enemy effort to cause such a diversion, and
the comparative openness of American waters offers a good field for submarine activ*
ities. Information is indefinite as to the number of enemy submarines possibly in-
tended for American waters, but an approximation is sufficient for discussion. The
salient features of the situation are therefore taken to be as follows:

General SrruATioN.

3. A division of four submarine cruisers, each armed with 6-inch guns, 36 mines,
and 16 torpedoes, and capable of at least one month's activity on our coast, may
appear in American waters without warning.

4. Their aim will be to destroy shipping, interrupt the transport of troops and
supplies to Europe, interfere with our coastwise shipping, by these means causing
the recall from abroad of some of our naval force for defense of home waters. Bom-
boardment of coast towns may also be done, with a view to heighten popular demand
for local protection, and thereby embarrass the naval administration.

5. They will employ mines, guns, torpedoes, and bombs. Their principal activities
may be expected to be directed against the main shipping centers — ^Halifax, New
York, Hampton Boads, and Florida Straits. At the same time, by activity of some
kind in several localities so separated as to suggest the presence of a large force, they
may expect to produce a maximum popular disturbance early in their campaign.

General Policy.

6. The general policy of the United States is to send the maximum possible force
abroad for offensive operations in the active theater of war. This policy the Board
has kept constantly in mind to the end that there might be no weakening of it.

7. with regard to any force still retained or in the future to be held in American
waters which might be suitable abroad, the Board has been governed by the con*
sideration that trans-Atlantic transit, the security of which is the chief task of the

143

146 APPENDIX.

8BCKBCT IN BOUTINO.

19. To the end that vessels may be warned daily of the positions of submarines
and mines arid receive directions for their movements—

(;>) Return shipping to the United States should be controlled by radio from the
United States.

20. To provide for the necessary secrecy of such radio control —

(q) Each belligerent vessel should carry a conmiissioned communication officer of
her own or of United States' nationality. Such officer would be in charge of codes»
would deci|>her code messages and .transmit them to the master of the vessel, but
would have no authority over nor responsibility for the vessel. He need have no
seagoing experience, but must be trustworthy and of sufficient education; hence to
supply these communication officers, our trained personnel need not be drawn upon.

21. The foregoing provision must be undertaken immediately, to be available for
use when wanted; but wholly apart from its value in emergency, the Board strongly
reconuriends its adoption as a measure that will greatly promote the safe routing of
ships in the war zone and thereby reduce tonnage losses.

22. Until commisjdoned communication officers shall have been established on
board belligerent vessels, as provided in paragraph (q) above, other means to facili-
tate communicatioA with incoming. ships are recommended to be established, con-
sisting of a^ system, of secret routing for shiiM approaching this coast similar to the
method in ub6 in the war zone. The Board does not consider this as an alternative
but only as a temporary means, pending the adoption of the commissioned officer
system, ]Sf hich alone of the two has the requisite, reliability and flexibility.

. MniTART Offbnbivb.

23. The foregoing measures cover the procedure necessary to carry out the policy
recommended affecting shipping, namely, to continue sending it out with the least
possible interruption. T)iese measures alone constitute one. means of combating
enemy submarines both^!ac|i^vely.^by resisting their attacks upon convoys, and
passively, by wearing Qut thSr endurance, ultimately depriving them of their main
object— birealong the supply abroad. But active measures to remove the submarines
from our waters are necessary, in addition, lest their stay be prolonged to our dis-
advantage and the attendant risk to shipping continue long enough to have serious
internal, effect in this country.

FIXED AND LOCAL DEFENSE.

24. Connected with measures of active offense the subject of purely passive de»
fensive measures were considered. Fixed fortifications under the Coast Artillery
should be sufficient to prevent the actual penetration of our intericHr waters. In
addition to this, all districts have patrols at the entrance to principal harbors, and
Hi the second, third, and fifth districts there are guns afloat in the old battleships
Mas^achusetU, Indiana, and lotvd. These means the Board considers sufficient to
frustrate any attempt which might be made to enter interior waters.

25. Request has been made of the War Department to supplement the forces of the
naval districts employed in coast defense by one or two gun batteries at salient pdnts
along the coast which might be bombarded. While such an attack might cause no
great material damage, popular clamor might compel some military dispositions
seriously affecting the active theater of operations. The War Pepartment has replied,
however, that no guns can be employed for this purpose.

8UBVABINB mSTS.

26. Submarine nets were consid^ed as part of fixed defenses. As to offshore nets
outside New York and Hampton Roads and Long Island Sound, even if the material

APPENDIX. 147

were available, the operation of plantiiig them is too extensive to be undertaken
within a short time; and even when in place, the nets are of small effect unless thor-
oughly patrolled, not to mention the effort and material required for upkeep.

(r) The Board concludes, therefore, that no outside nets should be considered, but
that inside nets as maintained or planned by the Coast ArtUlery, and at Base Two
and Cape Henry by the Navy, should be retained, and that these nets, together with
fixed fortifications and harbor patrols, will afford sufficient security against any hostile
attempt to enter a principal harb<»r.

MINES.

27. Mines which are submerged at a depth which is dangerous to surface craft,
including submarines (subsurface mine fields), would be a greater embarrassment to
our own vessels in the situation under consideration than to the enemy's. We can
not afford to endanger or restrict the movements of our own vessels, which are at best
very limited in number, and there being no hostile surface vessels involved, the
Board concludes —

($) That no subsurface mine fields should be included in the present plans. (See
change.)

28. At present the Mark VI mine has no attachment for safety in case of shallow
planting, and the mines of earlier marks are not capable of deep planting without
modification of the depth-r^[ulating apparatus. Even with such modification, they
could not be planted at a rapid rate. These mines also have no safety provisionB
against shallow planting. As a whole, therefore, we have no mines suitable for deep
mine fields at present. A safety attachment for the Mark VI mine is being developed,
and mines of that mark are being manufactured in considerable number, so that
within several months we may have a supply which could be used in emeigency for
deep mine fields on our own coast, though destined for another project abroad.

29.' The free operation of oiu* own submarines would, however, be endangered in
the vicinity of deep mine fields, and hostile submarines may be expected to operate
far enough offshore to be clear of any deep fields large enough to embarrass them,
unless we used a number of mines beyond any possibility of supply. The chance of
deep mine fields contributing materially to the destruction of enemy submarines is
remote on account also of the small number of submarines that may be expected
to operate. The Board therefore concludes that —

(t) Unless hostile activities on our coast be prolonged beyond control by other
measures, no deep mine fields should be planted; but

(u) That naval districts be prepared to plant mines and that steps be taken to make
mines available for planting a deep barrier across the approaches to New York Harbor
and Hampton Boads. And, further (see change),

(v) That districts should be prepared to announce fictitious mine fields in the event
of the emergency contemplated actually arising and to route shipping accordingly.

30. As a whole, the passive defenses of the first, second, third, and fifth districts are
deemed sufficient for the defense of the principal harbors in those districts.

ACTIVE OFFENSIVE.

31. The purpose of measures of active offense is to locate and destroy the submarines.

32. The principal operations of these submarines must, be conducted in the offing
of New York, off the Capes of the Chesapeake, and in the Florida Straits and Yucatan
Channel. In order to continue their operations beyond their self-contained capacity,
the enemy submarines must replenish from some near-by base or by some means of
supply from our coast or some neutral source.

INFORMATION SBBVICB.

33. To locate the submarines we have an organized lookout service in operation
along the coasts in the several naval districts and also a secret service of sufficiently

148 APPENDIX.

wide extent and connections. Theee should be warned to be on the lookout tot evi-
dences of any use of our coasts and of any support to enemy submarines from on or
near our coast

34. The same applies to the possibility of the enemy's use of a base in the Bahamas.
Connection of our intelligence service with that of the British in the Bahama Islands
should be sufficient provision to secure timely information. In this connection it is
stated by the commander of squadron 2, cruiser force, that a reconnoissance of the
Bahama Islands shows little suitability of that region for use as a submarine base.

AIR PATROL.

35. The Naval Air Service, in addition to assisting the escort of convoys, may con-
tdbute materially to the locating of submarines by air scouting off our coast, including
the use of kites and dirigibles, especially between Nantucket Shoals and Cape Hat-
teras. It is assumed that this may and will be done should the contemplated «Der-
gency arise.

ACIIVB FOBCXS.

36. The situation has not yet sufficiently developed to enable the Board to do
more than outline the offensive action that may be taken. The conclusion was
reached —

(aa) That provision should now be made for forces to be available where likely to
be needed, to detect and locate enemy submarines, to act upon information of their
whereabouts, and to be capable of attacking a submarine if encoimtered.

37. The Idnd of force that should accompany convoys has already been stated. In
addition, it is the Board's conclusion —

(66) That, in addition to harbor and inshore vessels, there should be a force of de-
stroyers and of submarines ready to act upon information of hostile submarines near
our coast.

(oc) That the strength of these should be, in the first naval district, 2 destroyers, 1
submarine; third naval district, 4 destroyers, 5 submarines; fifth naval district, 4 de-
stroyers, 5 submarines.

38. The possibility of there being more submarines capable of service at the New
London and other bases, and of more destroyers being under shakedown, after the
building program shall have begun to yield more frequent deliveries, was taken into
account, as also the submarines at Key West and Panama and the vessels already in
the several districts. The forces named in paragraph (cc) above are the natnimiifn
increase needed.

CONTROL OF ACTITE F0BCS8.

39. The lookout service and reports of coastwise and other passing traffic first come
under the cognizance of the naval districts, and these districts will have at disposal
the forces intended to act according to the situation that may arise. The success of
measures against submarines in the majority of cases will probably dep^d on the
celerity with which forces act on information received. This indicates that their
direction and control should be in the hands of the respective naval district com-
mandants, and the Board so recommends.

* PROVIDING THE NSCB0SABT F0BCS8.

40. Adverting to the policy laid down in paragraph 7, the Board, examining the
sources that could be drawn upon for the force specified in paragraph (cc), concluded
that the best practical plan was to utilize new destroyers and new submarines during
the shakedown period before departure lor European waters.

41. Considering first the destroyers, this would involve a delay at first, but this is
unavoidable if adequate provision is to be made for the contingency under con-

APPEKDIX. 149

dderation. Besides, the delay is not so long as at first appamnt. Not less than two
weeks is the probable Tninimmn required by the aven^ new destroyer for pre-
liminaiy shakedown. To this some few days more may be needed for new fittings
constantly being added, which would be installed on board on this side instead of
abroad. During the time so spent the destroyer would be available for emergency
if here; but if abroad she would not be operating so no operating time is lost on this
account. Further, by a somewhat longer shakedown time on our coast, together
with a quick run across ixistead of a slow passage for shakedown en route, the ultimate
date of beginning service in the war zone would be little affected. The same applies
to the submarines.

42. The Board concluded, therefore —

(dd) That new destroyers should remain on our coast for one month shakedown after
commissioning, to be available for service in the event of the appearance here of
hostile submarines; but that not more than nine at one time need be so detained if
prepared earlier to sail for distant service.

(ee) That the nine destroyers so detained shall be stationed one in the first, and four
each in the third and fifth naval districts, the conmiandants of which shall be in-
structed to use them as necessary in the event of hostile submarines appearing on this
coast; otherwise not to employ them, but instead to allow them all possible freedom
in their training for active service.

(Jf) That to provide the necessary submarines for the emergency service con-
templated, new submarines should have a shakedown period of two months; their
training coiuse not to be interrupted but to continue in its normal course from its usual
base; but upon the appearance of hostile submarines, one division to be escorted to
New York and one division to Hampton Roads; further, while based on these places,
to continue their training to such extent as the situation may permit; the respective
ni^al district commandants to observe the same attitude as toward destroyers, stated
in paragraph (ee).

43. Still other forces are required, which, with available sources, may be stated
briefly:

(gg) Participation by any force from the Atlantic Fleet, other than the Cruiser
Force as now employed in convoy duty, is not counted upon.

(hh) A force of 30 submarine chasers each, based on New York and on Hampton
Roads, will be needed for convoy escort and listening service. To provide these,
the earliest deliveries intended for other districts should be diverted to the third and
fifth districts until the necessary total numbers are present in these districts.

(tt) One destroyer and one submarine permanency employed in experimentation
are counted upon, with one new destroyer under paragraphs (dd) and (ee), to make up
the force for the first naval district.

(jj) In order to accomplish the sweeping task witJiout delaying shipping, in or
outbound, there must be based at New York and Hampton Roads, sweepers enough
to keep in service two sweeping groups of three pairs each. For this there must be
18 or more mine sweepers at each place named. As neither the third district nor the
fifth has this number, the Board reconmiends that sweepers from the first and second
districts be added to those of the third district when the occasion arises, and, similarly,
those from the fourth district to go to the fifth district.

(ik) Fear the air service to be performed, it is estimated that a force of 40 airplanes
will be needed at Rockaway Inlet and at Hampton Roads in order to insure 16 planes
being serviceable for escort duty; and this number should be made available. (See
change.)

WSAKN88B OF -BlBTBtCt TSB0Bli8.

44. The amiament of such vessels of the naval districts as are seaworthy is too light
f<^ engaging a siiigle snbttiarine with snccess, exceint by aarpri*. It is theMore>
recowifnended —

150 APPBNDDL

(11) That in view of the iMMsible appearance of Bubmarines armed with 5 or 6 inch
guns, the armament of district vessels be replaced by laiger calibers as soon as prac-
ticable, but not to the deprivation of suitable armament for vessds navigating the
war zone.

▲ID TO NAVIGATION.

45. In order to increase the navigating difficulties of submarines, especially in fog
and darkness, and also to prevent the converging of shipping at a point favorable for
Bubmarines to operate, the Board recommends —

(mm) That immediate steps be taken to install on board all outside lightships on
the Atlantic Coast radio and listening equipment;

(nn) And that, upon the appearance of a hostile submarine in American waters, all
submarine signal bells be stopped, the bells and whistles on outside buoys silenced,
,and Nantucket Shoal lightship be withdrawn. (See change.) (See additions (oo)
and (pp).)

46. The Board has included in this report only such detail as has seemed necessary
to make its recommendationB clear, t6 show the extent to which existing dispositions
have been taken into account, to make a decision where there has been or may be
doubt or wide difference of opinion, and especially to strengthen the statement as to
the minimum of increase in force necessary to retain on this side. In view of exist-
ing machinery for executing plans, it seems inadvisable to go further into details.

(Signed) M. Johnston,

Rear Admiral^ U. 8. Navy.
Philip Andrews,

Captain^ U. 8, Navy.
S. S. Robinson,

Captain, U. 8. Navy.^
L. R. De Steiguer,

Captain U. 8. Navy. ~
R. R. Belknap,

Captain, U. 8. Navy.
L. McNameb,

Captain, U. 8. Navy,
« J. R. Y. Blakelt,

Captain, U. 8. Navy.

S. P. FULLINWIDER,

Commander, U. 8. Navy,
J. V. Babcock,

ComvMmder, U, 8. Navy.
E. J. FoT,
Lieut. Commander, U. 8. Navy:

Approved as changed by modifications, etc., appended.

W. S. Benson.

Navt Dbpabtmbnt,
Office of Naval Operations,

WaahingUmy March 6, 1918.
The foregoing plan, ''Defense Against Submarine Attack in Home Waters/' with
the following alterations, modifications, or changes, is approved^ Steps will be taken
immediately to put it into effect.

modifioations and ghamoes or Ai;rBRATiON8— outbound bhifpino.

Par. 12 (c). That the best practice is to have the coastwise ahipping proceed by
day, hugging the shore and keeping within the 5-fathom curve, or as near it as prac-
ticable. ALbo, since it is the policy of the shipping committees charged with such

APPENDIX, 151.

iTork to allocate the smallest and least valuable ships to the coasting trade, it, as a
matter of expediency, should be the policy to protect said shipping by the means
mthin the capacity of the naval districts through which the coastwise shipping passes
rather than to attempt to divert guns from ships in the trans- Atlantic trade or to. allo-
cate cruisers for the protection of our coastwise trade, except in such cases where the
districts could not afford protection or the guns were readily available. That if it
were found expedient to route coastwise ships at night that they should sail inde-
pendently, being routed with due regard to the warnings received of the location
of enemy submarines. ^

Par. 12 (/). Change to read: That convoys should be preceded to the 50-fathom
curve or as far beyond as necessary by four submarine chasers equipped with listening
attachments.

Par. 12 (g). Change to read: That air scouts should patrol the convoys' intended
course out at least to the 50-fathom curve and as far beyond as circumstances permit,
or until darkness comes on.

Par. 12 (h). Omit the words *' and by one or more escorting submarines for lookout."
It is the policy to use our submarines offensively against hostile submarines, and their
movements are influenced by the movements of hostile submarines, not by the move-
ments of our convoys.

Par. 12 (j). Add at the end of paragraph: ''and also of destroyers if advisable."

Par. 12 (Z). Omit entirely.

Par. 15. Last two lines, change to read: ''shipping out of the Gulf of Mexico should
be routed north or south of Cub* as circumstances Existing at the time xendera most
oxpedient."

Par. 16. Held to be not sound, as the delay thus caused to shipping practically
reduces its efficiency to a lower limit than the actual submarine sinkings could impose.

Par. 17 (n). Add the words "until such time as convoys can be established."

Par. 27 (<). That in view of the slight advantages to be derived as compared to
the inordinate risk to shipping, the subsurfiice mine will not be used offensively
against hostile submarines. That it is legitimate to use it defensively, but that such
use should be confined to the pmrpose of barring entrance and exit to our principal
flbipping ports and confined to the lowest limits compatible with a lair degree of
safety. That even when a defensive mine field is laid, a clear and ample passage
must be left for the transit of shipping, and this passage must under no circumstances
be mined, but be patrolled and protected by other means. , That all mines upon
being detached from their moorings must become innocuous. That the three places
to be considered now as coming within the scope of defensive mining are New York,
capes of the Chesapeake, east entrance to Long Island Sound.

Par. 29 (u). After the words Hampton Roads, add: "But that owing to the great
demand for mines abroad this step be not considered now."

Par. 43 (kk). Read that a fcxrce consisting of at least one squadron of 20 airplanes
will be needed at each station (Rockaway Inlet and Hampton Roads), and that this
number should be made available as soon as practicable, not to interfere with, the
European program. ^'. ,

Par. 45 (wn). Omit the words "and Nantucket Shoal Lightship ha withdrawn."

Par. 45. Add new paragraph: (oo), "Be prepared upon special order of the Navy
Department to withdraw all lig^t vessels on the Atlantic coast, but this will be done
only when the necessity is strongly apparent."

Par. 45. Add new paiagnph: (pp), "Establish listening stations at the entrances
to Chesapeake Bay, New York, and Hhe east end of Long Island Sound. If these
stations prove effective and are needed, to extend the system to other important
locaUtiee.'^

(Signed) W. S* Bbnson. .

152 APPENDIX*

28754-26:146.

Op-36,

Nayt Dbpartment,

WMingUm, March IS, 1918.
pf emorandam for all dlylsions of Office of Naval Operations.]

Subject: Execution of a i^an for defense against submarines in home waters.

1. In accordance with the attached plan and approved modifications, the following
parts thereof ^are assigned to the divisions of this office for information and action.
Where a part has been assigned. to more than one division, the officers in charge will
co<^>erate in its execution in accordance with the duties of their respective divisions.

2. Provisions of the plan that require the action of any bureau will be prepared by
the head of the division concerned and transmitted to the bureau after signature by
the Chief of Naval Operations.

Operations Divition, — Assistant for operations, paragraphs 6, 7, 10, and 45; overseas
tEansp(»rtati6n, paragraphs 12 (e) (d) (<), 13 (m), 17 (n), 19 (p), and 22; ship move-
ment, paiagiaid^ 12 (i), 19 (p), 36 (oa), 37 (hb) (oc), 39, 42 (<W) (jfiO,.43 (gg) (hh) (n) (jj);
submarine detection, paragraphs 12 (j)f 36 (aa), 37 (bb) (oc), 42 (dd) (ee) (/), 43 (hh) (u)
(jj), and 45 (mm) (nn) (pp).

MaUnai l>ii;mofi.-~PanigiaphB 12 (t) 0), 26 (r), 27 («), 29 (t) (u), 36 (aa\ 43 (tt) (ik),
44 (U), 45 (mm) (pp).

InUUigenee Mt^tmon.— Fktfagraphs 32, 33, and 34.

CoffUNMmratioiw Dwidon, — Paragraphs 19 (p), 20 (9), and 21.

Naval Districts Dtviwon.— Paiagiaphs 12 (a) (b) (e)(f) (g) (h) (j) (fc), 15, 18 (o), 24,
28 (r). 27 (»), 29 (t) (u) («), 32, 33, 34, 35, 37 (66) (cc), 39, 42 (dd) (ee) (/), 43 (hh) (u)
(if) (ifc), 44 (M), 45 (mm) (nn) (00) (pp).

Aviation J»t?mo».--Paragraphs 12 (g), 15, 35, 36 (aa), and 43 (lii^).

(Signed) W. S. Bsnson.

Op-23.

28 Makch, 1918.

From: Chief of Naval Operations.

To: Commandant, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth naval

distncts.
Subject: Plan tor coastwise shipping in case of submarine* activitiss on tUs ooast.

1. Itis requested that the commandant of each naval district forward to the depart-
ment (operations) general recommendations on the above subject- and detailed rec-
ommendationB as it concerns his district. It is desired that there be taken into C(m-
sideration all local conditions affecting the plan, auch as the i»evalence of fogs and
particularly unfavorable weather at certain seasons; the facilities for coastwise ship-
ping entering harbors under all conditions of tide, night, etc.; character of the coastal
waters, whether coasting may be done in less than 10 fathoms; the ofl^diore areas in
which there may be danger td colliding with outbound convoys at night, etc.

2. Outlines below as a guide is a plan under consideration by the department.

(a) To all customs officials, shipowners, and others connected with operating ves-
sels in coastwise trade will be sent out immediately a circular letter stating that in
the event of reports being 9ec4ived of submarine activities on this coast upon noti-
fication the control of all shipinng will immediately pass into the hands of the Navy.
Coastal vessels may expect radio war warnings to be sent out in plain Kngliah giving
notice of the presence of submarines and'oidering all coastal vessela within designated ,
districts to put into ihe nearest jxirt far oideiss. The Emits e£*the naval distrids will
be defined and the o^^tains of the veswls wHl be instructed to ask for instmcticms
from the naval district commandant, whose telegraph address and telephoma number
will be given.

APPENDIX. 153

(fr) Until the actual presence of submarineB on this side, coastwise shipping is to
follow the nonnal routes and schedules.

(c) Acting upon warnings received of the location of enemy submarines, shipping
will be routed in those districts, where it may be necessary, along the following general
plan:

(1) In all cases the control of shipping within a dietrict wiU be in the hands of the
distriiCt a»nmandant in order that the proper ooordinatum may be obtained along the
whole coast. This control will follow a general doctrine, and llie commandant of each
district will be informed of the control of these districts adjacent to his district.

(2) The best practice is to have coastwise shipping proceed by day, hugging the
f^ore and keeping within the 5-&thom curve or as near to it as practicable. Also,
since it is the policy of the shipping committees charged with such work to allocate
the smallest and least valuable shi^ to the coasting trade, it, as a matter of expedi*
ency, should be the policy to protect such shipping by means within the districts
through which the coasti^ise shipping passes.

(3) When it is found expedient to route coastwise shipping by night, it should pro-
ceed independently, being routed with due regard to the warnings received of the
location of enemy submarine.

(4) Districts 2, $, and 3— New Ybrkandnorthw0rd,-^A1\ coastwise shipping bound to
or from New York, proceed via Long Island Sound, keeping to the north^n shore,
and travel by noght or day as to as New London.

Since it ia impmetical to follow tilia 5-fathon curve from New London northward,
proceed (1) by day or nig^t via Buzaards Bay and Cape Cod Canal, or (2) by day or
night via Vineyard Sound, or (3) independently by night roasting whea necessary
to go outside.

Northward from Nantucket Shoals oi Cape Cod Capud proceed independently by
nig^t coasting.

(5) DistneU S, 4, 5, and 6 — Between Nem York and JacJuonviUe, — Shipping proceed
by day, hugging the shore and keei»Bg within the 5-&kthom curve as near as it is
practicable. This shipping will be piotected by the means within the capacity of
the naval districts through which it passes.

(6) District 7 — Jacksonville to Key West,— The coast here is too steep to allow day-
light coasting in less than 10 fathoms,- and lack of sheltered anchorages will not allow
mght cruising from port to port (except for onall craft that can use andiorages at
Settlement Point, Bimini Islands, and Turtle Harbor),

The Florida Strtdts should then be made safe for traffic by having it convoyed
through or by aircraft and destroys patrol. Shipping out of the Gulf of Mexico
should be routed watQi or south oi Cuba as the circumstances existing at the time
render more expedient.

(7) Districts 7 and 8 — Bettoeen Key West and Galveston.-SsLaxe as New York to
Jacksonville.

(8) Districts — Between Galveston and Tampioo, — ^Night coasting.

Op-14-A-D 5/4.

Navt Department,

Office, of Naval Operations,

Washington, May 4t 1918,

To ALL Shipmasters and Shipowners.

ICiiealar letter.]

THESE RBQITIREMENTS ARE ENTIRELY OUTSIDE OF CUSTOMS CONTROL AND ^ARBOR
RE0UXATION8 IN FORCE UNDER ORDER OV THE 8BCRBTART OF THE TREASURY.

1. In the event of enemy submarine activity on the Atlantic coast, the following
steps will become necessary for the protection of shipping at sea and in order that
shipping may be properly routed.

154 APPENDIX.

2. Upon nottfication by the Navy Department, the control of all shipping, coastwise
and overseas, for routing and within the defensive sea areas and outside of harfoorB
will be assumed by the Navy Department. This control will be ezerdaed locally
by the cofnmandants of the several naval districts.

3. Before leaving port, masters of vessels must in all cases apply to the commandant
of the district for orders and routing instructionB.

4. Vessels at sea should be prepared to receive at any time radio instructions to
put into the nearest port or some port other than port of destination for orders.

5. Orders to make port should be promptly carried out and arrival reported at once
with request for further orders and route instructions.

6. In coastal waters and at sea the boundaries of the naval districts shall be con-
odered to ejctend seaward as follows:

Fint naval dUtrict, — ^When north of the paiUlel of latitude of Chatham, Mass.
{41^ 410) communicate with the commandant first naval district, Little Building,
comer of Boylston and Tremont Streets, Boston, Mass. Telegraph address, Boston;
telephone address. Beach 7620.

Second naval digtriet, — ^When within the area bounded as follows, communicate
with the commandant, second naval district: On the north by the parallel of latitude
of Chatham, Mass. (41^ 4V N); on the east by longitude 67^ 45^; on the south by a line
INusdng west true from longitude 67*^ 4y to Nantucket Shoals Light Vessel, thence to
Montauk Point, thence to Bartlett's Reef Light Vessel south and west of the entrance
to New London Harbor, address commandant second naval district, naval station,
Newport, R. I.; telegraph address, Newport, R. I.; telephone address, Newport 27.

Thiird naval di$tria. — ^When between latitudes of Chatham, Mass. (41^ 4r), and
that of Bamegat, N. J. (39^ 4y), excepting the areas described for the second naval
district, coiomunicate with commandant third naval district, 280 Broadway, New
York; telegraph address. New York, N. Y.; telephone address. North S900.

Fourth naval digtriet. — ^When between the latitude of Assateague (37^ 500 <^<1
Bamegat, N. J. (39*^ 46^), communicate with commandant fourth naval district,
White Building, comer of Twelfth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.; tel^;raph
address, Philadelphia, Pa.; telephone address. Walnut 50<K>.

Fifth naval rfwericf.— When between the latitude of New River Inlet, N. C. (34** 300,
and Assateague (37** 500 » communicate with commandant fifth naval district, Citizens
National Bank Building, Norfolk, Va.; telegraph address, Norfolk; telephone address,
Norfolk 6200.

Sitfh naml (ffotnef.— When between the latitude of St. John» River, Fla. (30'' 220,
and New River Inlet, N. C. (34** 30^), communicate with commandant sixth naval
district, Peoples Office Building, Charleston, S. C; telegraph address, Charleston,
S. C.

Seventh naval dUtrict, — ^When within the area to the southward and eastward of the
latitude of St. Johns River, Fla. (30** 220, ^^cL bounded on the westerly and southerly
sides by a line running as follows: West on the latitude of Tampa to longitude 83**;
thence south to the Island of Cuba; thence following the shore to Cape San Antonio;
thence southeasterly to a point latitude 18** 35^ north, longitude 78** 25^ west; thence
easterly ])as8ing to Ihe southward of the Islands of Haiti and Porto Rico and St. Croix;
thence northeasterly through Anegada Passage; thence 84** tme, conmiunicate with
the conunandant seventh naval district, naval station. Key West, Fla.; telegraph
address, Key West, Fla.

Eighth naval district, — When within the Gulf of Mexico to the westward of the
seventh naval district, the Yucatan Channel, and waters to the southward to latitude
18** 35'' and to the eastward to the limits of the seventh naval district, communicate
with commandant eighth naval district, naval station. New Orleans, La.; telegraph
address. New Orleans, La.

APPENDIX. 155

F^fUen^k naval diitrict, — When within the waters to the southward of latitude 18^ 35^
north and to the westward of line passing from latitude 18^ 35^ north, longitude 78^ 26^
west to Cape Tlburon, Republic of Panama, communicate with commandant fifteenth
naval district, Cristobal, Canal Zone; telegraph address, Cristobal, Canal Zone.

(Signed.) Josefhus Daniels.

[Confidential.]
OP-14-A-D-5/6,

€-26-146.

Mat 8, 1918.
From: CEief of Naval Operations.

To: Commandants first naval district, second naval district, third naval district,

fourth naval district, fifth naval district, sixth naval district, seventh naval district,

eighth naval district, fifteenth naval district, commander in chief. United States

Atlantic Fleet.

s

Subject: Dispositions for control of coastwise shipping in event of submarine activity

off eastern coast of United States.
Beference: (a) C. N. O. let. March 28, 1918, Op-23. (6) Notice to shipmasters and

shipowners, May 4, 1918. (c) C. N. 0. let. May 6, 1918.
Inclosiue: (A) Reference (6).

1. Until submarine activity develops in the western Atlantic, coastwise shipping
will proceed along normal routes and schedules.

2. When necessity arises for the Navy to assume control of coastwise shipping, this
will be done by the various commandants of naval districts upon receipt of a dispatch
irom the department (operations): ''Assume control of coastwise shipping."

3. Unless furdier advised, commandants of naval districts will, upon receipt of the
above dispatch, take action along the lines outlined in reference (a), paragraph 2 (c)
<l-8), making adaptations required by local conditions. It is to be noted that this
plan contemplates coastwise shipping sailing independently of convoy, being routed
with due regard to warnings received of the location of enemy submarines.

4. Attention is invited to reference (b) inclosed. It is of the highest importance
that district commandants should have all routing jMMsibilities and the requirements
of coastwise shipping and military and conmiercial requirements on shore fully devel-
oped and understood with the various parties interested. This in order that vessels
diverted from r^ular routes in accordance with instructions, or arriving in port for
orders, may suffer the least delay in obtaining routing orders.

5. District commandants will have the inclosed letter to mariners, reference (6),
printed in sufficient quantity and cause them to be distributed to shipowners and
fdiipmasters and to custom officers and captains of the port and others in such manner
as to insure their reaching the various parties interested as promptly as possible.

(Signed) W. S. BENSON.

INDEX.

A.

Pftge

Acereda, Pedio (San Saba) 133

Acuflhla, American gas screw 86

Adelheid, American s. s 29

Advance, American 8. 8 48

Agnes G. Halliard. (See Agnes

G. Holland 58

Agnes G. Holland, Canadian

schooner 58

Ainsleigh, Charles (Lansford) 54

Alban, British s. s 108

Albert W. Black, American gas

screw 83

Alberto Treves, Italian s. s 104

Aleda May, American schooner ... 82

Algeria, Swedish s. s 96

Alicke, Rudolph (Ticonderoga) . 110-111

Allied Intelligence Service 101

America, C.E. (Saetia) 134

American Telephone & Tel^raph

Co 120

Amirault, Louis (Katie L. Palmer). 89

Amphion, American s. s . , 104

Analysis of tables 141

Andrews, Philip, Capt., U. S. N, . . 150

Annie Perry, American schooner. . 59-58

AnsaidoIII, Italians, s 96

Anson M. Bangs, American tug 30

Appendix 143

A. Piatt Andrew, American

schooner 66

Appleby, British s. 8 38

Arabian, U. 8. tug 24

Aras, British s. s 48

Amauld de la Peri ere (U-139) 12

Atlantic Maritime Co. (Muriel) 57

Atlas Shipping Corporation 30

Augvald, Norwegian s. s 49

Author, British s. s 46

B.

Babcock, J. V. , Conunander,U.S.N . 150
Bagley, D. W., Lieut. Commander

(Jacob Jones) 113

BaUested, Edward (Vindeggan). . . 46, 46

Barber, Capt. (Carolina)....; 36

Barge 403 54

Pag«.

Barge 740 64

Barge 766 54

Baron Napier, British 8. s 11,82

Bastin, Rene H. (O. B. Jennings). . 74, 75

Batt, Alfeed E. (Diomed) 81

Beer, Adolph (San Saba) 133

Belknap, R. R., Capt., U. S. N. . . . 150
Belliveau, Fc»rman (K. L. Palmer) . 90

Bencleuch, British s. s 77

Bennett, H. H. (Herbert L. PraU) . 125
Benson, W.'S., Admiral, U. S. N . . 38,

150, 151, 152, 156

Bergsdalen, Norwegian s. s . . . 99

Bianca, Canadian schooner 97

Birch, Capt. (Moorish Pijnce) 108

BirdsaU, B. G. (San Saba). . ..... 132

Bhikely , J. R. Y. , Capt. , U. 8. N . . 150
Board recommendations for de-

fense against submarines 38,

143, 151, 152, 155

Birmingham, U. S. S 19

Blaine, Clyde (San Diego) ... 128

Blommersdijk, Dutch s. s 22

Boundaries of naval districts 154

Breiford, Norwegian' s. s 133

Brewer, Capt. (Bussmn) 127

Briarleaf , British 8. 8 117

Bright, C. J., Lieut. (San Diego). . 127

Bristol, American s. s 34, 36

British Major, British s. s 71

Brown, Capt. (Maiden) 127

Bruce, Capt. Wallace (A. Piatt

Andrew) 66

Bryssel, Danish s. s 38

Bussum, U. S. S 127

C.

Cable cutting 26

Cable cutting (U-151) 25, 119, 123

Cacique, American s. 8 46

Camilla Rickmers (Ticonderoga) . . 106

Carolina, American 8. s 36

Carty, CoL John J 4 120

C. C. Mengel & Bros 41

Central and South American Cable

Co 120

Chaparra, Cuban s. s 125, 134, 137

167

158

INDEX.

Page.

Charts In pocket.

Chaae, J. V. (Minneflota) 130,132

Chester, U. S. S 113

Chiller, Belgian relief ship 49

Chope, Capt. (Llanstephan Castle) . 46

Christine, American hark 18

Christy, H. H. (San Diego) 127

Chr. Knudsen, Norwegian s. s 22

Circular letter to shipmasters and

shipowners 153

City of Calcutta, British s. s 48

Ckm MacArthur, British s. s 105

CM. Walters, Canadian schooner. 69

Coast Guard Station No. 82 56

Coast Guard Station No. 83 46

Coast Guanl Stotion No. 115 45

Coast Guard Station No. 179.-. . . . , 129

Coastwise routing office 39

Coffey, M. (C. G. M., U. S. N.).-.. 22

Colhoun, U. S. S 56

Collister, Thomas (Keemun) 47

Colorado. (See ^ Saba) 132

Commandant 5th naval district ... 132

Commercial Cable Co 120

Constanza, Danish schooner 11, 106

Cook, F. L. (Madrugada) 94

Corinthian, American s. s. 87

Cor6eU, E. E. (Saetia) 134

Crenelhi, British s. 8 24,123

Cretan, American s. s 78

Cruiser, American Ga. s 83

D.

D-2 (U. S. submarine) . , 19

Daniels, Josephus, Secretary of the

. Navy 155

Davis, Thomas E. (San Diego) 128

Davis, W. H. (J. M. Haskell) 33, 126

Defense against submarines in home

waters 143

Defense against submarines in home

waters — ^Alteration of plans 160

De Steiguer, L. R., Capt., U. S. N, 150

Derbyshire, British s. s 62, 65

Deutschland 7,15,100

Diamond Shoal Lightship 75, 77

Diss, Manuel, Capt. (M. E. Sennet) 87

Diomed, British s. s 75, 79

Dispatches ffom Force Comman-
der, European waters 9

Disposition for control of coastwise
shipping in event of submarine
activity off eastern coast of Uni-
ted States 155

«

Page-,
District defense 9, 38, 162

Dochra, U. S. S.. 4^

Dodge, Capt. (F. P. Jones) 127

Doon, American bark 43

Domfontein, British schooner 56

Dorothy B. Barrett, American

schooner * 93

Doucette, Fred (Aleda May) 83

Droscher, Kapitanleutnant(U-117) 82

Dwinsk, British s. s .•. 48

E.

Earl and Nettie, American Ga. s. . 83

E. B. Walters, Canadian schooner. 69
Eckelmann, Eric, Eapitan lent-

nant (U-155) 1,8,100

E<lna, American schooner 24, 121, 123

Edward H. Cole, American

schooner 34

Edward H. Cole Co 34

Edward R. Baird, jr., American

schooner 42

Eidsvold, Norw^an s. s , . 43

Elizabeth von Belgie (Belgian Re-
lief ship) 59

Ella Swift, American schooner. ... 44

Elsie Porter, Canadian schooner. . . 9^

Empresa Naviera de Cuba 134

Eric, British s.s 68

Eva B. Douglas, American

schooner , 38

Evans, David (Pennistone) 61

Execution of a plan for defense
against submarines in home

waters ••. 152

F.

Fairfax, U. S. S 105

Fassett, J. A., Ensign, S. P. No.

507 38

Hemming J. W. (Saetia). 133

Florence Olson, Americans. 8..... 56

Folkmans, Jens (Vindeggen) 45

Fooks, D. J. (Edw. R. Baird, jr.) . 22
Force Commander European Dis-
patches 9

Forsyth, A. 0. (Montoso) 100

Foy, E. J., Lieut. Commander,

U. S. N 150

F. P. Jones, American s. s 127

Francis J. O'Hara, jr., American

schooner 66

Frank H. Buck, U. S. S 101

XSTDEX.

159

Page.
Franz, Kapitanleutnant (U-162) . . 106,

111, 113
Frederick R. Kellogg, American

B.8 92

'Freehold U. S. S 137

Frehe, Tarwald (Stifinder) 115

Fulcher, Lieut, (j. g.), (Ticonde-

roga) 109,111

Fullinwider, S. P., Commander,

U.S.N 150

Fumess Withy & Co., San Joee. . . 61
Fuylcher, Surgeon (U-152) 112

G.

Galveston, U. S. cruiser 70

Game, Portuguese schooner 101

George G. Henry, U. S. S 106

George -W; Truitt, jr., American

schooner.. 47

German submarines — arrivals and

departures. ; : 7

Gilmore, Capt. C. W. (Edna) ..... 25, 27

Gladys Frehaleit (G. M. Hollett) . . 58
Gladys -M. Hollett, Canadian

schooner. .;..... 58

Gleaner, American gas screw 83

Gleaves, Albert, Rear Admiral, U.

S.N 19

Glenlee, British s. s . . 49

Gloaming, Canadian schooner 70

Gloucester, American s. s. ....... . 124

Golart, Joseph (Rush) 98

Goodspeed, American s. s 88

Granpian, British s. s 108, 111

Grant, Admiral A. W. (Minnesota) . 9, 131

Grecian, American s. s 33

Griggsby, L. O. (Minnesota) 130

Grostock, Harold (Samoa).:; 47

Gymeric, British 8. s 56

H.

Haggart, R. S. (U. S. S. Hull) .... 42

Hamburg, German cruiser 76

Hansen, George, Capt. (Sonuner-

stadt) 91

Hansen, Hans T., Capt. Sam. C.

Mengel 42

Hansen, Louis (Mariners Harbor).. 77, 79

Harpathian, British s. s 44

Harris, Paul John, San Diego ..... 128

Harrisbuig, U. S, S 54,70,80,124

Harry Laud^. 112

Pajre.

Hart, Walter M. (Bristol) 36

Hattie Dunn, American schooner . 24,

26, 121, 123
Hauppauge, Americans. V. 24, 26, 121,123

Hawaiian, American s. s 105

Heine, Chief Engineer (U-152) ... 1 12
Helen E. Murley, American Ga. s. 89, 91

Henley, U. S. S. destroyer 41

Henrik Lund, Norwegian s. s 46

Herbert L. Pratt, American

tanker.. 30,41,123,125,138

Herman Winter, American s. s 61

Holbrook, Capt. (Hattie Dunn) ... 25, 26

Hoi te, S . E . (Maroea) 52

Hull, U.S. S 42,74

Huntress, British s. s. 23

Huntsend, British 8. s 45

I.

Industrial, British schooner. ...... 104

Inland, American s. s 137

Intelligence Section 9

Inter- Allied Radio Conference . . . 121
Isabel B. Wiley, American

schooner 27,3^,121,124

Israel, U...S. S.... •••...•.^. 130, 131

j;

Jacob Jones, U. S. S. 4 . . 113

Jacob M. Haskell, American

schooner. i.. 33,121

Jacobsen & Thon (Samoa) 47

J. C. Donnell, American s. s. 24

Jerden, Wm. and W. S. (K. L.

Palmer) 8^

J. J. Flaherty, American schooner. 69, 70

J. L. Luckenbach, American s. s.. IS

John J. Fallon, > merican schooner 99

Johnson J. (Eidsvold).. 43

John Twohy, Ainerican s. s. ..... • 18

Johnson, M., Rear Admiral, U. S.N. 150

Jonancy, American 8. s 24

Joseph Cudahy, American tanker. 70

K.

Katie L. Palmer, American Ga. s. 82, 88

Kearsarge, U. S. S 95

Keemun, British s.s 46,47

Kent, W. (Minnesota) 131

Kermanshah, American s. s 72

Kerr Steamship Co. (Kerman-
shah) 72

160

INDEX.

Pafle.

KiDgfisher, U. S. S 93

Kingfisher, steam trawler, Ameri-
can 103,125

Kiiin Maru, Japanese s. 8 118

Knoeckel, J. (U-166) 61,66

Knudsen, Waldemar(Wmneconne) SI
Knudsen and Ghristiansund

(Kringqaa) 48

Koenig, Gi^t. Paul (Deutschland). 15

Kahler, Lieut. (U-151) 29, 35, 42, 48

Koln, German s. s. (See Am-

phion.) 104
Kophamel, Korvettenkapitan

(U-140) 70

KringBJaa, Norwegian bark 48

Kronprinz Heinrich, German s. s.. 114

Kroonland, U. S. S 64

L.

Ir-6, American submarine 46

Lackawanna, British s. s 64, 76

Lacy, Albert (O. B. Jennings) 24

Lafrenz, Lieut. Commander (U-^) 122

Lake Bridge, U. S. S 60

Lake Erie, U. S. S 50

Lake Forest, U. S. S 49

Lane, W. (captain of Eric) 68

Lansford, American barge 64

Larson, Alexander (master Syd-

land) '... 59

Launo, G. (captain Eva B.

Douglas) 38

Leary, C. F. (master Lucia) 104

Leixoes, Portuguese steamer 102.

Letter from Force Commander in

European waters 12

Linda, British schooner 53

Llanstephan Castle, British s. s. . . 46

Loriat, Mr. (cable engineer) 120

Louisdana, U. S. battleship 29

Lowrey, K. B. (Texel) 34

Lucia, U. S. A. C. T 104,118

Lucille M. Schnare, Canadian

.schooner 66

Luckenbach Co 81

Luz Blanca, Canadian tank ship ... 58

Lynch, Walter S. (Saetia) 133

Lynn, A. E. (Minnesota) 131

Madison, J. J., Lieut. Commander

(Ticonderoga) 107

Madrugada, Brazilian motor

schooner 94

Page.
Mi^UBdel,GunwaId (KringBJaa).. 48

Maiden, American 8. s 127

Mallory, 8. S. Co. (San Saba) 132

Manning W. J. (0. B. Jennings) ... 74

Mantella, British s. s 45*

Manuel Caragol k Son (Chaparra) . . 134
Manx King, Norwegian schooner: 53, 124

Mapleleaf, British s.s 46

Marcussen, Sven (Nordhav) 95

Mariners Harbor, American s. s. .. 77

Marosa, Norwegian bark 51

Marsh, C. C. (Captain U. S. N.

retired) 5

Mary E. Sennett, American Ga. s. 82, 87

McClellan, U. S. A. C. T 49

McDonald, George E. (Frank H.

Buck) 101

McNamara, John (Pleiades) 82

McNamee, L., Capt., U. S. N...... 150

Melitia, British s. s 56,71

Melville, U. S. S 22

Mengel 0. C. A Bros. (S. C.

Mengel) 41

Merak, American s. s 77

Merritt William (Dorothy B.

Barrett) 93

Mesquita, Joseph P. (Francis J.

O'Hara) 66

Messina, British s. s 117

Meusel, Lieut. Commander ( U- 155 ) 18

Mexican U. S.S 48

Mexico, American s. s 31

Meyer, E. J. (Minnesota) 131

Mine4aying Operations 122

Mine kying (U-151) 30,41

Mine-sweeping Operations, Atlan-
tic Coast 136

Mine-sweeping ships (naval dis-
tricts) ~ 134

Minneapolis, U. S. cruiser 50

Minnesota, U. S. S 124, 125, 129, 137

Mirlo, British s. s 125,128,138

Modifications and changes in plans
for defense against submarine

attack in home^ waters 150

Mohawk, American s. 8 24

Monmouth, British s. s 11, 101

Montau, C. P. O. (U-152) 112

Montcalm, Canadian 6. s 24

Montoso, American 8. 8 100

Moorish Prince, British s. s 108, 111

Muller, F. L. (Ticonderoga) 109, 111

Munson, Andrew (1^ Diego).... 128

IKDBX.

161

Page.

Muriel, America schooner 57

Myhre, G. (Triumph) 66

N.

Naval censorship 119

Naval districts, sea boundaries of . . 154

Nelson A. , Canadian schooner 58

Nelson, Gustavo (J. M. Haskell) ... 33
Nelson, p., Ideut. Commander

(Dwinsk) 48

Nelson John (Reliance) 87

Nevasa, British s. s 50, 104

Newby Hall, British s. s 102, 125

Newcombe H, G. (Edward H. Cole) 34

New Hampshire, U. S. battleship. 29

Newton, U. S. S 76

New York and Porto Rico S. S, Co. 36

Nicholson, American whaler 44

Nickerson Eldridge (Muriel) 57

Nickerson, James (Reliance) 86

Nordhav, Norwegian bark 95

Nordstrom, George W. (O. B.

Jennings) 73

North Sea Mine Barrage 70, 113, 119

Nostitz v. Korvettenkapitan,

U-151 27

Notre Bame de 1 Garde, French

schooner 67

Nyanza, American s. s 23

Nyhus, Andrew A. (Marosa) 51

O. ^

0. B. Jennings, American tank ship 73

Office of Naval Intelligence 119

O'Hara, Jack (K. L. Palmer) 88

Ohio, U. S. battleship 29, 30

Oldenburg v. Kapitanleutnant

(U-156) 50

Oldham, Capt. (Rftlay) 120

Old Time, American Ga. s 82, 87

Oliveisa, d' , Jose Tude da Velha,

captain of Porto 71

P.

Pan -American Pet. & Trans. Co.

(Fredk. R. Kellog) 92

Pasadena, Canadian schooner 66

Pastores, U. S. S 79

Patterson, U. S. S k. . . . 48

Patterson, G. E., Capt. (Briarleaf). 117

Paul Jones, U. S. S 48

Pedersen, Alfred ( Augvald) • 49

181062'*— 20 11

Pag€.

Pennistone, British s. s 61, 65

Perth Amboy, American tug 64

Pierce, Mr. (cable engineer) 120

Pinar del Rio, American s. s 45

Plan for coastwise shipping in case
of submarine activities on Ameri-.

can coast 152

Plassey , British s. s 138

Pleiades, American s. e 81

Pluos. (See Rush.). 98

Porto, Portuguese bark 71

Potentate, Canadian schooner 99

Potomac, British s. 8 44

Prairie, U.S. S 48

Preble, U. S. coast torpedo vessel. 41

Trincess Matoika, U. S. S 48, 118

Progress, American Ga. s 82

Proteus, American s. s 43

Publicover, Capt. (Uda A. Saun-
ders) 67

Pyrrhus, British s. s 92

Q.

Quadros, Alvro P., Capt. (Rush). . 98
Quinlan, Fred., crew (K. L.

Palmer) 90

R.

Radioleine, French tanker 42, 43

Radio Service (adequate if cables

had been destroyed) 121

Rail, U.S. S 137

Randwijk, U. S. S. (formerly

Dutch) 46

Reginolite, British s. s 104

Relay, American cable vessel 120

Reliance, American Ga. s 83, 86

Rheinhard, W. M., master (Elsie

Porter) 99

Rijndijk, U. S. S 88

Ringleman, Gustav (Ticonde-

roga) 106 , 109

Risberg, Eric, Capt. (Algeria) 96

Robert and Richard, American

schooner 55

Rob Roy, American schooner 57

Robinson, S. S., Capt., U. S. N.,.

Rochet, James F. (San Diego) — . 128

Rondo, U. S. S 100

Rose, American schooner. 55

Rose, Hans, Lieut. (U-53) 18,113

Rouse, Frederick (Madrugada).... 94

1^2

UTDEK.

Page.

BuBh, American steam trawler 98

Hufisell, Edward (K. L. Palmer) 87, 88, 90

S.

Saetia, U.S. S 125,133,137

Sam C. Mengel, American schooner . 41

Samoa, Norwegian bark 42

Sanchez, R. A. (Wm. H. Star-
buck) 85

San Diego, U. S. S 54, 57,

124, 125, 126, 137
Sanghove, Clifford T. (Ticonde-

roga) 108

San Jose, Norwegian s. a 60, 65

San Saba, American s. s. 32, 124, 125, 132

Santiago, American s. s 3l

Saunders, M. H. (Edna) 25,28

S. C. No. 234 (U. S.) 46

S. C. No. 294 (U. S.) 117

Schuill, Marsi ('^Rose") 55

Schwarz, Lieut. (U-152) 112

Seaborne, F. 0. (Newby Hall) .... 102

Seidlitz, German 8. B 76

Shipping 8

Shortind, Norwegian steamer 101

Simona, Edwardo (San Saba) 133

Sims, Admiral W. S 12,136,138

Singer, A. W. (Minnesota) 131

Small, C. A. (Edna) 24

Smith, R. Lawrence (Hauppauge) . 26
Smith, Robert H. (Kermanshah).. 72

Sodral, Norwegian s. s 46

Solberg, Norwegian s. s 99

Sommerstadt, Norwegian s. s 91

Sorkness, Norw^ian bark 53

South Carolina, U. S. S 46, 137

Special board to formulate plan of

defense in home waters 10, 143

Special Planning Board of Feb. 6,

1918 38,143

S. P. No. 507 (U.S.S.) 38

Standard Refinery Co. (Pratt) 123

Stanley M. Seaman, American

schooner 75, 77

Staples, John 132

Steadman, L. S. R. (Minnesota)... 131

Stephano, British s. s 22

Steps taken by Navy Department

to protect shipping 8, 38

Stifinder, Norwegian bark 112, 115

Strathmore, British s. s 22

Stringham, U. S. S

Submarine mines, Atlantic coast,

United States

Sucena, Joaquim F. (Leixoes) ....

Susquehanna, U. S. S

Swain, Charles H. (Annie Perry)..

Sweeney, Capi. (Hauppauge)

Sydland, Swedish, Belgian Relief

sliip ---•.

Sylvania,. American schooner

Sydney B. Atwood, American
schooner

T.

Page.
79

125

102

50

58

25,66

59
66

57

17

T. A. Scott, jr., American s. s

Table, arrivals and departures of

German submarines 7

Table No. 1, vessels destroyed.. 139, 140

Table No. 2, vessels destroyed. . . . 140

Table No. 3, vessels destroyed 141

Tampa, U. S. S 113

Tapley, J. P. (Perth Amboy) 55

Tappley, Geo. S. (Ticonderoga)... 109

Tasida, Jos. (Rush) 98

Taunton, Norwegian s. s 95

Taylor, U. S. S 128

Teal, U.S. S 137;i38

Telles, Joseph (Rush) 98

Temple, E. Dorr, American s. s. . . 56

Texel, American s. s 34

Thespis, British s. s 96

Thomas, Frazier O., M. M., 2d

class J 128

Thomassen, Thom. I (Isabel B.

Wiley) 30

Thorbyonsen, Capt. Hans, San Jos6 60

Ticonderoga, U. S. S 100,106

Tingey, U. S. S 60

Tokuyama Maru, Japanese s. s 73

Tortuguero, British s. s 50

Triumph, Canadian trawler (steam) 65
Turner, W. M. Seaman (Ticonde-
roga) 109

U.

U-15, French submarine 122

U-53, German submarine. 7, 8, 13, 18, 113

U-65, German submarine 122

U-117, German submarine 7, 60,

82, 124, 128

UTDEX..

163

Page.
U-139, German submarine. . , 7, 8, 12, 102

U-140, German submarine 7, 70, 99

U-151, German submarine. . 7, 10, 23, 123

U-152, German submarine 7, 16, 106

U-155, German submarine 7, 18,

100, 118, 125
U-156, German submarine. 11, 50, 75, 124

TJberaba, Brazilian s. s 79

Uda A. Saunders, Canadian

schooner 66,69

Umbria, Italian s. s 73*

Una P. Saunders. (See Uda A.

Saunders.) 66

U. S. Hydrographic Office 5

U. S. Railroad Administration .... 132

V.

Velha, Jose Tude d'Oliveisa, da

captain of Porto 71

Vema D. Adams, Canadian

schooner 69, 70

Vindeggen, Norwegian s. s 45, 46

Vinland, Norwegian s. s 44

Vinolas, Jose, captain (Chaparra). . 134
Von Nostitz und Janckendorf

(U-151) :.... 23

Von Schrader, Commander (U-53) 113
Von Steubon, U. S. S 48

W.

Page.

18

Wagadesk, Norwegian s. s

Walters, Capt. Cyrus (E. B. Wal-
ters) 69

Walters, Capt. Wilson (C. M. Wal-

ters) 69

War Ranoe, British tank ship 82

War Warnings 8

Wasch, H. ( Winneconne) 32

West Haven, U. S. S :. 70

West Point, British s. s 22

Wharton, Robt. A. (Robert and

Richard) 56

White, C. H. (Fredk. R. Kel- •

log) 92

Wilkins, John W. (S. C. Mangel). . 42

Wille, Lieut. (U-152) 112, 114

William H. Starbuck, American'

Ga. s 82.85

Williams, W. R. (Mirio) 128

Willie, G. , Canadian schooner 68

Willoughby, Edw. J. Carpenter,

Ticonderoga 109

Wilson, President Woodrow. 42, 56, 57, 88

Winneconne, American s. s 27, 31,

32, 121, 124

Winsborg, T. L. (Hauppauge) 25

Wireless. 9

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REC'D LI

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I

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UNIVERSITY OF CAUPORNU UBRARY

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